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World History

World History. Chapter 11 Islamic Civilization. Main Idea. Muhammad established basic beliefs and practices for Islam. Terms to Define. Sheikh Revelation Ahari’ah Mosque Imam Hajj. People to Meet. Muhammad Muslims. Places to Locate. Arabian Peninsula Makkah. A New Faith.

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World History

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  1. World History Chapter 11 Islamic Civilization

  2. Main Idea • Muhammad established basic beliefs and practices for Islam

  3. Terms to Define • Sheikh • Revelation • Ahari’ah • Mosque • Imam • Hajj

  4. People to Meet • Muhammad • Muslims

  5. Places to Locate • Arabian Peninsula • Makkah

  6. A New Faith • South of Asia Minor • Arabian Peninsula • Like the Israelites, Phoenicians, and Chaldeans, the Arabs were descended from Semitic tribes • Archaeologists traced Arab civilizations to at least 3000 B.C.

  7. Arab LifeThe Setting • Isolation kept invading tribes away • The Arabian Peninsula is a wedge of land between the Red Sea and the Persian gulf. It is made up of two distinct regions • The southwest area with well watered valleys • The rest of the Peninsula with arid plains and deserts

  8. Lives of the Beduin • In ancient times many of the Arabs were bedouins who herded sheep, camels, and goats • Lived in tents • Drank milk from their herds • Ate dates • Special occasions, ate mutton

  9. Tribes • Bedouin lived in tribes • Made up of related families • Protection • Leader was a sheikh (or chief) appointed by the heads of families

  10. Tribes--War • Was part of the lifestyle • Went on raids to gain camels and horses as well gain land and water holes (most precious) • Bedouin believed in retaliation—”eye for an eye”

  11. Growth of Towns • By the A.D. 500s, many tribes had settled around oases or in fertile valleys to pursue either farming or trade; prosperous markets towns grew, the most important of which was Makkah • Makkah was en route to Syria, Iraq, and China • Makkah contained the most holy of shrines, the Kaaba, which contained the statues of the many Arab deities

  12. Signs of Change • As business ideas replaced tribal ties in the trading towns, the old tribal rules were no longer adequate; the Arabs needed a central government • They were threatened by Byzantine and Persian empires

  13. Signs of Change--religion • Religious ideas were also changing; introduced to monotheistic religions of Judaism and Christianity, many Arabs grew dissatisfied with their old beliefs • Holy men known as hanifs (hah*NEEFS) denounced idols and believed in one god • They rejected Judaism and Christianity, preferring to find a uniquely Arab form of monotheism • The ferment contributed toward the emergence of Islam, which means “submission to the will of Allah (God)”

  14. Muhammad and His Message • The prophet of Islam Muhammad, was born in the bustling city of Makkah around A.D. 570 • Muslim traditions state that Muhammad was orphaned at an early age and raised by an uncle

  15. Life of Muhammad • During his teens, he worked as a caravan leader • Reputation for honest and able person • His employer, a wealthy widow named Khadija (kuh*DEE*juh) placed him in charge of her business affairs • When he was 25, she proposed marriage to him • His marriage relieved him of financial worries and allowed him to focus on the meaning of life

  16. Muhammad Troubled • He was troubled by greed, idol worship, and treatment of the poor • He spent time alone praying and fasting in a cave outside the city

  17. Revelation • Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad experienced a revelation (vision) in A.D.—a voice called him to be the apostle of the one true deity, Allah (Arabic word for God) • First revelation told him to recite (see quote in text) • The second revelation commanded Muhammad to “rise and warn’ the people about divine judgment

  18. Muhammad Preaches • I A.D. 613 Muhammad preached to the people of Makkah that there was only one God and that people everywhere must worship and obey him • The rich should share with the poor • God ,measured people by their devotion and good deeds • He told the people of Makkah to live their lives in preparation for the day of judgement

  19. Muhammad’s First Converts • Khadija and his immediate family became the first Muslims—followers of Islam

  20. Opposition to Islam • Most Makkans rejected Muhammad’s message • Upset by attacks on images of Kaaba • Makkans afraid lack of pilgrimages would ruin economy • Makkans persecuted Muslims

  21. Muhammad Persists • Muhammad persisted in his presching until threats against his life force him to seek help outside the city • He found refuge in the small town of Yathrib to the north in A.D. 622, the first year of the Muslim calendar

  22. The Islamic Community • Yathrib became known as Madinat al-Nabi, “the city of the prophet” • Or Madinah (muh*DEE*nuh)

  23. Origin of the Islamic State • Muhammad was a skilled politician as well as religious leader • In the Madinah Compact, he laid the foundations of the Islamic state • Loyalty to Islamic community was placed above the tribe • Disputes settled by Muhammad • Divine law of Islam recorded in the holy scriptures known as the Quran • Jew and Christians were extended protection who accepted Islam’s political authority

  24. Acceptance of Islam • Makkans invaded Yathrib and were defeated by Muslims • Makkans accepted Islam • Muslims destroyed idols in the Kaaba • Turned the shrine into a place of worship which was believed to have been built by the prophet • Makkah became the spiritual capital of Islam, and Madinah remained its political capital

  25. Muhammad Dies • By A.D. 631, Islam had extended throughout the Arabian Peninsula supported by an army of tribes • After a brief illness, Muhammad died at Madinah in A.D. 632 • Left behind religious community based on sacred writings • Left behind his life as an example or interpretive guide for Muslims to follow

  26. Beliefs and Practices of Islam • Beliefs and practices are based on his revelations • Beliefs remain remarkably stable after centuries

  27. The Quran • According to Muslim tradition, the angel Gabriel revealed divine messages to Muhammad over a 22-year period • Faithful Muslims wrote down or memorized these passages • Not compiled into a collection until Muhammad died • It took 20 years to compile all messages into the Quran • The Quran, for all Muslims, is the final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle

  28. The Quran • Believed to be God’s message • Expressed in stories, teachings, and exhortations • Noah’s ark and Jonah in the belly of the whale—variations of those found in the Bible

  29. Values • Similar to Judaism and Christianity • Muslims are commanded to • Honor parents • Show kindness to neighbors • Protect orphans and widows • Give to the poor • Must not • Murder, steal, lie, or commit adultry

  30. Values (cont) • Forbids gambling, eating pork, drinking alcoholic beverages • Rules over marriages divorce, family life, property inheritance and business practices

  31. Law • Law and religion are not separated • Generations of legal scholars have organized Islamic moral principle into a body of law known as the “shari’ah” • These are based on the Quran and the Hadith (sayings of Muhammad)

  32. Five Pillars of Islam • Faith • Prayer • Alms • Fasting • Pilgrimage

  33. Faith • Confession of faith: “There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God” • Affirms the oneness of an all-powerful, just, and merciful God • All Muslims are required to submit to God’s will as given in the Quran • Stresses Muhammad as a prophet, not divine being • Muslims believe Muhammad was last and greatest of several prophets • Muslims see their life as a preparation for the Day of Judgement—judged according to their actions

  34. Faith-(cont) • Allah is the same god as the God of the Jews and Christians • Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are considered prophets • Muslims respect Jews and Christians as “People of the Book” • Muslims believe Arabs are descendents of Abraham through his son Ishmael and Jews are descendents of Abraham through his son Isaac • The Quran states that Jesus transmitted God’s message and performed miracles

  35. Prayer • Muslims express their devotion in prayers offered five times each day: sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening • Worshippers face Makkah—kneeling, bowing, and touching one’s forehead to the ground as a sign of submission to God • At noon on Friday, many Muslims worship together at a mosque—place of worship—or at a school, court of law or shelter

  36. Faith--Imam • An imam, prayer leader, guides believers in prayer—sermon sometimes follows • Any male Muslim with the proper religious education can serve as an imam

  37. Alms • Wealthy should assist the poor and weak • Almsgiving is practiced privately though contributions to the needy and publicly through a state tax that supports schools and aids the poor

  38. Fasting • Fasting occurs during the month of Ramadan (the ninth month of the Muslim calendar), during which Muhammad received his first revelation; during Ramadan, Muslims neither eat nor drink from sunrise to sunset • At the end, there is a 3-day celebration for the end of the fast

  39. Pilgrimage • Every able bodied who can afford the trip is expected to make pilgrimage at least once in his or her lifetime • Those who perform the hajj are respected in the community • Takes place 2 months and 10 days after Ramadan and involves 3 days of ceremony, prayer, and sacrifice • Worship at shrines in Makkah and Madinah • Seen where ideas come together from different parts of the world

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