Memory

1. Memory Taking in and Storing Information

2. Study Guide • #7 pg 259 • #8 pg 266-267

3. Case of Clive Wearing • Life without memory video clip

4. What do we remember? • Write down the very first memory you can think of! How old were you? • Neural pathways are still developing • Language barrier • Survival responses may take precedence

5. Flashbulb Memories • Surprise-induced memorization • Empirical research shows that flashbulb memories may be formed in response to surprising stimuli and events in general. • Hormonal basis hypothesis • Cortisol is released in response to stressful incidents causing the brain to remember things to avoid in the future. • Reinforcement Theories

6. Informational Processing Model: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval • Sensory Memory: very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus. • Our senses hold onto memories for fractions of a second. • Iconic Memory: visual sensory memory • Echoic Memory: auditory sensory memory that lasts for 1-2 seconds

7. Sensory Memory: Iconic • George Sperling : Present stimulus for 50ms to participants • We “see” more than we can “say” P Y F G V J S A D H B U

8. The Processes of Memory:Encoding • First we encode information. • Encoding: the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it. • We encode information through our senses. • Acoustic Codes: listening, saying something out loud • Visual Codes: mental pictures, images • Semantic Codes: give meaning to the information

9. Write down the number of “F’s” Appearing in the Statement Below. Finished files are the results of years of scientific study combined with the experience of years.

10. How many did you count? 3, 4, 5, 6 ? (acoustic or visual encoding?) Finished files are the results of years of scientific study combined with the experience of years.

11. Instructions will appear on the next slide. Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.

12. Group 1 • FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY RATE THE USEFULNESS OF THE ITEM, ON A 1-5 SCALE, IF YOU WERE STRANDED ON A DESERT ISLAND.

13. Instructions will appear on the next slide. Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.

14. GROUP 2 • FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF SYLLABALS FOUND IN THE WORD.

15. The Processes of Memory • Storage • Storage: The process by which information is maintained over a period of time. • How much effort was put into encoding?

16. Maintenance rehearsal: shallow processing 20 seconds “Rule of 7” (7 +/- 2) Try to remember as many of the following letters as possible. Short-Term Memory FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV F ABC PBS NBC CNN MTV Chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember. Social Security Numbers Phone Numbers

17. 5 10 15 20 Dream Night Toss Turn Sound Rest Snore Night Slumber Artichoke Comfort Tired Clock Fatigue Silence Dark Quilt Night Bed Sleep Put Your Pens/Pencils Down and Listen to the List of Words I Read.

18. Short-Term Memory • The Serial Position Effect: we are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list. • Primacy Effect • Words a beginning of list • Recency Effect • Words at the end of the list

19. Deliberate Explicit Conscious Recall No conscious recall C.C. habits Memory of events in serial form

20. Informational Processing Model: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval

21. The Processes of Memory Retrieval • Retrieval: The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory. • Information is brought back to mind from storage. • Depends on how information was encoded and stored.

22. Three Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory • Long-Term Memory: information is stored for long periods of time.