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Memory

Memory. liudexiang. contents. The sensory registers Short term memory Long term memory forgetting. The sensory registers. *Memory : the ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, and learned.

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Memory

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  1. Memory liudexiang

  2. contents • The sensory registers • Short term memory • Long term memory • forgetting

  3. The sensory registers • *Memory : the ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, and learned. • Information-processing model: a computerlike model used to describe the way humans encode, store, and retrieve information.

  4. Information-processing model

  5. The sensory registers • Sensory registers: entry points for raw information from the senses. • Attention: the selection of some incoming information for further processing.

  6. Short-term memory (STM) • *Short-term memory (STM) : Working memory; briefly stores and processes selected information from the sensory registers.

  7. Primary tasks • Store new information • Work on the new information

  8. Capacity of STM • C X W • M N K T Y • R P J H B Z S • G B M P V Q F J D • E G Q W J P B R H K A

  9. Capacity of STM • *Chunking: the grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short-term memory.

  10. Encoding in STM • We encode verbal information for storage in STM phonological—that is, according to how it sounds. • Some material is stored in visual form, and other information is retained on the basis of its meaning.

  11. Maintaining STM • Rote rehearsal : retaining information in memory simply by repeating it over and over.

  12. Long-term memory • Long-term memory (LTM): The portion of memory that is more or less permanent, corresponding to everything we “ know .”

  13. Capacity of LTM • Long-term memory can store a vast amount of information for many years.

  14. Encoding in LTM • Some LTM memories are codes in terms of nonverbal images: shapes, sounds, smells, tastes, and so on. • Most of the information in LTM seems to be encoded in terms of meaning.

  15. *Serial position effect • Serial position effect : The finding that when asked to recall a list of unrelated items, performance is better for the items at the beginning and end of the list.

  16. *The recency effect • The recency effect occurs because the last items that are presented are still contained in STM and thus are available to recall.

  17. *The primacy effect • The primacy effect reflects the opportunity to rehearse the first few items in the list--- increasing their likelihood of being transferred to LTM.

  18. Maintaining LTM • Rote rehearsal • Elaborative rehearsal: The linking of new information in STM to familiar material stored in LTM. • Mnemonics: Techniques that make material easier to remember. • Schema: A set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience.

  19. Improving your memory • Develop motivation • Practice memory skills • Be confident in your ability to remember • Minimize distractions • Stay focused • Use mental imagery

  20. Improving your memory • Make connections between new material and other information already stored in your LTM • Use retrieval cues • Rely on more than memory alone • Be aware that your own personal schemata may distort your recall of events

  21. *Types of LTM • Episodic memory: the portion of LTM that stores personally experienced events. • Semantic memory: the portion of LTM that stores general facts and information. • Procedural memory: the portion of LTM that stores information relating to skills, habits, and other perceptual-motor tasks. • Emotional memory: learned emotional responses to various stimuli.

  22. Explicit and implicit memory • Explicit memory : memory for information that we can readily express in words and are aware of having; these memories can be intentionally retrieved from memory. • Implicit memory : memory for information that we cannot readily express in words and may not be aware of having; these memories cannot be intentionally retrieved from memory.

  23. Forgetting • *Decay theory : A theory that argues that the passage of time causes forgetting. • Retrograde amnesia: The ability to recall events preceding an accident or injury, but without loss of earlier memory.

  24. Interference • *Retroactive interference : the process by which new information interfere with information already in memory • *Proactive interference: the process by which information already in memory interfere with new information

  25. End

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