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Understanding Memory: Types, Processes, and the Role of the Brain

Explore the fascinating world of memory, a vital cognitive function that encompasses various types such as explicit and implicit memory. Discover how the hippocampus and cerebellum play crucial roles in memory formation, storage, and retrieval. Learn about encoding techniques, including levels of processing and dual coding theory, as well as the differences between sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. With insights on retrospective vs. prospective memory and the significance of schemas, this overview offers valuable knowledge for students and anyone interested in the workings of the mind.

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Understanding Memory: Types, Processes, and the Role of the Brain

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  1. Memory “ We do not remember days, we remember moments. The richness of life lies in memories we have forgotten.” - Cesare Pavese

  2. Explicit Intentional recollection Conscious effort Hippocampus involved Ex: remembering vocabulary for a psych quiz Implicit Remembering things you didn’t intend to store Unconscious processes involved Unaffected by amnesia, age, or drugs Cerebellum involved Ex: What did you have for dinner last night? Ex: Motor skills Memory Systems

  3. Declarative (Endel Tulving)- factual information handled by hippocampus & areas of the cortex Episodic- personal facts and experiences Like an autobiography Maybe unique to humans Ex: first day of school Semantic- general, factual knowledge Ex: knowing the state capitals Like an encyclopedia NonDeclarative/Pro-cedural- actions and skills (muscle memory) Little conscious awareness Ex: riding a bike Performance decreases if you think too much Doesn’t decline much Cerebellum and amygdala Memory Systems

  4. Retrospective v. Prospective Memory Retrospective Prospective Remembering to perform actions in the future Ex: walk the dog • Remembering events from the past or previously learned info • Ex: who won the Super Bowl last year?

  5. 3 Key Processes of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Encoding- forming a memory code Storage- maintaining encoded information over time Retrieval- recovering information from memory stores

  6. Encoding • Experiment Time! • Levels of Processing • Structural • Phonemic • Semantic (deepest level) • Encoding Techniques • Elaboration • Visual Imagery- concrete v. abstract words • Dual Coding Theory- memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes • Self-referent encoding- deciding if info is personally relevant

  7. Storage • Information Processing Theory- incoming information passes through 2 temporary areas of storage (sensory & short-term) and then is transferred to long-term storage Sensory Short Term Long Term (working)

  8. Sensory Memory • Allows sensation to linger for a brief moment after stimulus is presented • Less than a second • Ex: afterimage • Experiment with Trigrams!

  9. Practice Round AGB TJK WLP

  10. MIDDLE TJK

  11. Round 1 MKL WDC BGT

  12. BOTTOM BGT

  13. Round 2 ZXA QKI NHY

  14. TOP ZXA

  15. Round 3 XCV BHY OTR

  16. TOP XCV

  17. Round 4 DWS VFT GXC

  18. BOTTOM GXC

  19. Round 5 FVG HYU AVH

  20. MIDDLE HYU

  21. Round 6 KRG XDT WLP

  22. BOTTOM WLP

  23. Short-term memory (STM) • Limited capacity (7-9 items) • Limited duration (up to 20 sec.) • Rehearsal causes STM to last longer • Interference • EXPERIMENT! • Chunking • EXPERIMENT! • Serial-Position Effect (primacy/recency)

  24. Bed- Rest- Awake- Tired- Dream- Snooze- Blanket- Doze- Slumber- Snore- Nap- Yawn- Drowsy-

  25. Nurse • Sick • Lawyer • Medicine • Health • Hospital • Dentist • Physician • Ill • Patient • Doctor • Office • Stethoscope • Surgeon • Clinic

  26. Long-Term Memory (LTM) • Unlimited capacity over long periods of time • Flashbulb Memories- vivid & detailed recollections of momentous events in our life • Schema (prototype)- mental categories about a particular object based on a particular experience • Stored info is often organized around schemas • Semantic Network- related concepts are joined closer together

  27. Semantic Network

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