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Memory

Memory. What is Memory?. Memory is a system that encodes, stores and retrieves information Process by which information is taken in, converted to meaningful patterns and then saved until such time as it is needed

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Memory

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  1. Memory

  2. What is Memory? • Memory is a system that encodes, stores and retrieves information • Process by which information is taken in, converted to meaningful patterns and then saved until such time as it is needed • E.g., expectancies  stored associations between behaviors and consequences that drive behavior

  3. The Three Stages of Memory

  4. The three Stages of Memory • Sensory Memory • Working Memory • Long-Term Memory

  5. Sensory Memory • Real time capture of sensory stimuli • Iconic memory  visual images • Echoic memory  sounds • Function  Scan sensory information; select information to focus on and filter everything else out • Capacity  12 – 16 items • Duration .25 seconds

  6. Sensory Memory • Sperling • Designed a study to examine the capacity of the sensory store • Briefly presented a stimulus array; ask subjects to: • Report everything you see • Report on specific information

  7. D J B W X H G N T M L P

  8. Report everything you see

  9. X Q Y W P L M G S Q T V

  10. Report contents of second row

  11. Working (or Short-Term) Memory • Mental work station • Functions: • Selects information from sensory store on which to focus attention • Temporary storage site for new information • Processes information so it can be transferred to long-term memory • Capacity  7 +/- 2 • Duration approx. 20 seconds

  12. Long-term Memory • Function Permanent storage site for all types of information • Capacity  unlimited • Duration  unlimited

  13. Three Basic Tasks of Memory • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

  14. Encoding • Process of transforming, coding, or sorting information so that it is in a useable form • E.g., like a card catalog, encoding involves cross-referencing information under multiple categories

  15. Methods of Encoding • Chunking  putting multiple pieces of information together into meaningful groups; helps to expand the capacity of working memory • E.g., Can you remember these numbers? 1 4 9 2 1 7 7 6 1 8 1 2

  16. Methods of Encoding • Rehearsal • Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information over and over • Good for maintaining in STM but not useful for transferring to LTM • Elaborative rehearsal  connecting new information with knowledge that is already stored • Good for transferring information from STM to LTM

  17. Methods of Encoding • Levels of Processing • Deeper processing results in better remembering • For example: encoding the word Horse • Visual (i.e., how it looks) -- It has a capital letter, and is arranged cvccv. • AcousticSounds like course • Semantic an animal that eats hay that you can ride.

  18. Storage • Process by which information is maintained in long-term memory • Divisions of LTM • Procedural  memory for mental directions or procedures • Declarative  memory for facts and events • Episodic  Stores personal information; memory for events in your life • Semantic  Basic meanings of words and concepts

  19. Retrieval • Process by which information is accessed from long term memory so that is can be used or modified by new information • Depends on how information was encoded and stored

  20. Factors Affecting Retrieval • Depth of Processing  retrieval is better • the more deeply information is processed • The more connections that have been formed with existing information • Retrieval Cues  Stimuli that help to bring a memory to consciousness • Encoding specificity  The more closely the retrieval cues match the cues present at encoding, the more readily the information will be retrieved • Mood  biases retrieval of information that is mood-congruent

  21. Retrieval • Implicit Recall – Memory that was not deliberately learned or was outside of conscious awareness • Priming – process of providing cues that stimulate retrieval of implicit memories without awareness of connection between the cue and the retrieved memory

  22. Retrieval • Explicit – Memory that has been processed with awareness and requires effort and conscious awareness • Recall  Must produce previously stored information (Short answer question) • Recognition  Identify stimulus as having been presented previously (i.e., multiple choice)

  23. H.M. • Removed hippocampus and amygdala on both sides of brain to control severe epileptic seizures • Result  severe anterograde amnesia • Inability to form new memories • Unable to transfer information from short-term to long-term memories • Memory deficits are uniquely for declarative but not procedural memories

  24. Forgetting or Memory Lapses • Serial Position Effect • First and last items on a list block retrieval of information in the middle • Context – dependent learning • Memory fails when context at retrieval differs from context at encoding • Reconstructive nature of memory • Take in information, discard details, organize rest in meaningful patterns • At retrieval, reconstruct details based on fragments that are stored

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