1. LISTENING Do you hear what I hear?

2. LISTENING The deliberate, psychological process by which we receive, understand, and retain aural stimuli.

3. HEARING VS LISTENING • HEARING IS A BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, BASED IN THE MECHANISMS OF THE EARS, PASSIVE IN NATURE • LISTENING IS A COGNITIVE ACTIVITY, REQUIRING EFFORT AND ENERGY

4. SELECTION IN LISTENING • SELECTIVE EXPOSURE – DO WE EXPOSE OURSELVES TO WHAT WE DON’T WANT TO HEAR? • SELECTIVE ATTENTION – TO WHAT DO WE “TUNE”? • SELECTIVE PERCEPTION – WE HEAR WHAT WE WANT TO HEAR • SELECTIVE RETENTION – WHAT DO WE CHOOSE TO RETAIN IN MEMORY?

5. Levels or Types of Listening • Discriminative • Appreciative • Comprehensive • Critical • Therapeutic (empathic)

6. INEFFECTIVE LISTENERS • Pseudolisteners (fraudulent) • Monopolistic listeners • Completers • Selective listeners • Avoiders • Defensive listeners • Attackers

7. Guidelines for Improving Listening Page 177