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Chapter 31: CHINA

Chapter 31: CHINA. a.k.a. CHI-COM. CHINA. CHINA: An Ancient History. Chinese civilization began about 5,000 years ago Almost all that time agriculture has been the key to life Lack of military technology allowed the U. S. and Europe to force their way into China during the 1800s.

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Chapter 31: CHINA

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  1. Chapter 31:CHINA a.k.a.CHI-COM

  2. CHINA

  3. CHINA: An Ancient History • Chinese civilizationbeganabout5,000 yearsago • Almost all that time agriculture has been the key to life • Lack of militarytechnology allowed theU. S. and Europeto force their way into China during the 1800s

  4. CHINESE HISTORY • By the 1900s. TheU. S. and Europehad “carved” China into “spheres-of-influence” • Spheres-of-influence: An area of acountry that ispolitically/economically controlledby another country, thoughnot directly.

  5. CHINESE HISTORY • ManyChinese hatedhow they were beingtreated • Some wanted to take onWesterncultures • Somewanted to retain only theirtraditionalChinese culture • Others wanted to “blend” both

  6. CHINESE HISTORY • During the struggle theNationalist’s Partycame to power • Forced theEmperor to abdicate • Abdicate: Give up power • Sun Yat-sen became president

  7. CHINESE HISTORY • The army and localwarlordsdidn’t want to give up power • Warlords: Regionalleaders withtheir ownarmies. • After Sun Yat-Sen’s death, Chiang Kai-shekcame to power • A trainedsoldier, Chiang quicklydefeatedthe regional warlords

  8. COMMUNISM • During the late 1920s, many members of the NationalistPeople’s Party wanted to follow the Communistpath of the U. S. S. R. • Chiang ordered the communists killed

  9. COMMUNISM • Some hid in the mountains • They made “The Long March” • Led by Mao Zedong (mow zhuh doong) • Traveled over 6,000 miles mostly on foot • Of the 100,000 who started, only 8,000 made it to safety

  10. COMMUNISM • During the 1930s, the Japanese invaded China • Nationalists & Communists temporarily united to fight this common enemy • After WW-II ended, the two sides began to fight again

  11. COMMUNISM • The poor-Chinese joined with the Communists and defeated the Nationalists • Nationalists ran to Taiwan & set up a democratic government • Communists set up a government at Beijing: “The People’s Republic of China”

  12. CHINA

  13. COMMUNISM & “THE PLANS” • After the war, China’s economy was in bad shape • Mao Zedong put a “Plan” together to increase agricultural production • Mao’s plan was: Collective farming • By 1956, 88% of all Chinese-poor worked on collective farms • This first plan didn’t work sooooooo…Plan Two

  14. Communism & “THE PLANS” • “THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD” • The 700,000 collective farms were combined into 26,000 communes • Commune: A community whose members share common interests, work, and income and work the land collectively.

  15. Communism & “THE PLANS” • All decisionswere made by Communists • Great Leap Forward was a Great Leap Backwards • People had no reason to work hard…and they didn’t • This, combined with bad weather from 1958 to 1960 brought bad harvests…and starvation

  16. Communism & “THE PLANS” • PLAN THREE: “The Cultural Revolution” • After much criticism, Mao decided to take far more drastic measures • Mao ordered a total restructuring of CHI-COM society

  17. Communism & “THE PLANS” • The Red Guard (Young, fanatical CHI-COMS) were under orders to destroy the “Old Four” • OLD ideology • OLD thought • OLD habits • OLD customs

  18. Communism & “THE PLANS” • Anyone opposing Mao was beaten, imprisoned or killed • As a result: • Farm production fell • Manufacturing stopped • Schools were closed • The “Cultural Revolution” ruined the economy of China

  19. Communism & “THE PLANS” • End of “THE PLANS” • Mao Zedong died in 1976 • Deng Xiaoping (dung shau ping) took power • THE FOUR MODERNIZATIONS • Modernize agriculture • Modernize Industry • Modernize Science & technology • Modernize the Military

  20. Communism & “THE PLANS” • Deng didn’t care how this modernization was done, as long as it worked • After years of a planned-economy, collective farming, starvation, prisons, the CHI-COMS tried something that has worked everywhere it was tried… Free-Market Economy

  21. CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE • Deng split up the communes • Rented the land to individual farmers who decided what to produce • After paying their “rent,” the farmers could keep or sell any crops they grew • This increased production • Farmer’s income increased

  22. CHANGES IN INDUSTRY • The CHI-COMS first pushed heavy industry(production of iron, steel and machines used in other industries) • Deng changed to light industry (production of consumer goods) • Clothing • Appliances • Bicycles

  23. CHANGES IN INDUSTRY • The Chi-Coms set up four “Special Economic Zones” • On the Southeast coast • Foreign Capital (investment $$$ from other countries came in) • China now has over 20 Million factories • Due to thesechanges, China’s economy has quadrupled

  24. UNEXPECTED RESULTS • Economic growthhas been uneven • Coastal & Southern cities have prospered the most • At its current rate, China may soon become the 3rd largest economy in the world

  25. MORE POLITICAL TROUBLE • With economic freedom, the Chinese wanted political freedom • Called the “Fifth Modernization” • In 1989, 100,000 demonstrators crowded into Tiananmen Square in Beijing • Ignoring orders to go home, the Army opened fire killing 2,000 people • Government decided: Economic growth can continue, only if the people are kept “in line”

  26. CULTURES • Must request permission to move • Cannot say anything against the government • People practicing religion are dealt with harshly

  27. CULTURES • Overpopulation: • 1.3 Billion people • Chi/Coms ordered population control • Families are limited to only one child • Have more children…fines, lost jobs & lower pay

  28. TIBET • Plateau of Himalayas • 14,000’ PLUS • Buddhists • Lead by a Theocrat: (Someone who claims to rule by their god)

  29. TIBET • China invaded in 1959 • Tried to end Buddhist Religion • Set up Collective Farms • Chi-Coms declared Tibet an Autonomous Zone • Similar to a Province in Canada

  30. TAIWAN

  31. Taiwan • Name means “terraced coastline” • After the Communists took the mainland, the Nationalists set up a provisional government in Taiwan • Provisional Government: temporary government • For years, Many countries refused to “recognize” the Communist government and hoped that the Nationalists could retake China

  32. Taiwan • Since the 1970s, many countries do not recognize Taiwan • However, many do big business with Taiwan • Double Cropping: Due to the warmer climate, farmers can produce more than one crop a year

  33. Hong Kong

  34. Hong Kong

  35. HONG KONG • A 400 square mile peninsula on the East Coast • Home to more than six million, almost all Chinese • In 1898, the British forced the Chinese government to rent Hong Kong to them for 99 years

  36. HONG KONG • Under the “free-enterprise system” Hong Kong became an “economic giant” • In 1997, Hong Kong returned to China • China has agreed to allow Hong Kong to continue as it did before

  37. HONG KONG • Manybelieved that the Chi-Coms would “take” everything Hong Kong had • Possible exodus (most people leaving) didn’t happen • The Hong Kong economy continues because China needs the money

  38. MONGOLIA

  39. Map of China MONGOLIA

  40. MONGOLIA • Buffer State: Protective zone between China and Russia • In the 1200s, Genghis Khan ruled much of Asia and Europe

  41. MONGOLIA • Following its neighbor’s example, adopted communism • By 1990s, democratic election were held • Most make their living by nomadic-herding

  42. Reach For A Star Production John P. Lukewww.mrluke.net

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