1. What do you know about China? In your KWL chart list everything you can think of that you have learned about or heard about China.

2. Some facts about China

3. Geography

4. China is comparable in size to the United States

5. Topography of China • Mountains in the West and the Pacific Ocean in the East serve as natural boundaries • 2 Seasons: • Summer=Wet season • Winter= Dry Season

6. Regions of China

7. A Brief Review of Modern Chinese History leading up to the 1970s.

8. The 19th Century Qing Dynasty • Britain, France, and Germany sought to expand trade in China • First Opium War (1840-1842) • Treaty of Nanking, 1842 - China loses Hong Kong to Britain • Second Opium War (1856-1860) • Britain, Japan, France, and Russia all obtained land from China

9. Effects of the Opium Wars • Internal rebellions throughout China • Anti-Qing sentiment grew • China was in danger of being “carved up” by European powers

10. The Tongzhi Restoration • The Tongzhi Emperor and the Empress Dowager Cixi

11. Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 • Shameful to China • Led to The Reform Movement 1894-1895 • Emperor Guangxu willing to work with reformers • Empress regained control, executed the reformers and banished Emperor Guangxu • Attempt at modernization failed

12. Boxer Rebellion • Led by the “Society of the Righteous Fist” • Directed anger at Europeans and Christian Missionaries • Goal was to expel “foreign devils” from China • Foreign response - 8 nations including the U.S. take control of Nanking • Exemplified how ineffective the Manchu Dynasty had become

13. 1911- Revolution • Dr. Sun Yat-sen - Revolutionary Leader • Ideas of nationalism and democracy made up his vision of China • 1912 - Founding of the Republic of China • Sun is elected President

14. Sun is challenged by Yuan Shikai who was a military governor general • 1915 - Yuan sets himself up as emperor but dies in 1916 • China goes into a state of chaos • Difficult to establish the Republic

15. The Nationalist Party KMT • 1920s - Under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen • 1921 - Communist Party formed in Shanghai • 1923 - KMT and Communist Party of China united • 1925 - Sun Yat-sen died • Chiang Kai-shek took over KMT • Broke away from the Communists • Communists fled to the countryside

16. Chiang Kai-Shek • Campaign to unify China • Hatred of Communists and warlords • Purged communists - Mao Zedong and Zhu De • Extermination campaigns • Backed by foreign investors • Declared head of national government in 1928

17. The Long March1934 • Led by Mao Zedong • Approx. 100,000 men and women • Marched for 6,000 miles into Shaanxi Province • Intended to launch “people’s war” • Only 10,000 made it to Shaanxi (about 10%)

18. Party Conference of Zunyi in Guizhou Province, 1935 • Mao took leadership of the Communist Party

19. China During World War II • 1931 - Japan invaded Manchuria • 1937 - Japan invaded China proper (Beijing) • Fall of Shanghai • Forced KMT to unite with the Communists again

20. Rape of Nanjing

21. World War II • War broke out in Europe, 1939 • Germany stopped supplying weaponry to the Nationalist-Communist coalition • Bombing of Pearl Harbor, 1941 • United States became allied with China

22. Chongqing - Capital of China during World War II • Americans and British supplied China’s United Front with supplies flown over the Himalayas • Chiang Kai-shek did not distribute these to the Red Army • United Front collapsed

23. Power struggle in China between the Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong U.S. sided with Chiang Kai-shek Peace negotiations took place in Chongqing (mediated by the U.S.) Talks ended in a stalemate World War II ends

24. Civil War in China • 1948 - Communists formed the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) • Attacked Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists

25. Communist China • October 1, 1949 - Mao declared the People’s Republic of China • Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan - took China’s gold reserves with him

26. Communist China • With the exception of Taiwan, CCP manages to reunify all of China • United States refuses to recognize Mao and the CCP

27. China under Communism • 1957 - The Hundred Flowers Campaign • 1958 - The Great Leap Forward • 1960s - Break in US-USSR relations • Soviet Union stopped all aid to China

28. The Cultural Revolution • 1964 - Mao Zedong utilized the youth of China against his critics • 1966 - the Red Guard is created • Attacked the “Four Olds”: ideas, culture, customs, and habits • Guards attacked anything perceived to be related to capitalism or anything deemed as Western

29. Cultural Revolution • August, 1966: Deng Xiaoping and his followers were removed from power and imprisoned • Late 1960s - 1970s: Cultural Revolution became increasingly violent - attacked intellectuals, shopkeepers, religion, etc.

30. What was the position of the U.S. towards China through the Cultural Revolution? • U.S. industries and businesses would benefit from the fall of the CCP • Continued to support Chiang Kai-shek • Created fear of a Sino-Soviet pact at home • In 1964 - China exploded its first atomic bomb- forced the U.S. to reconsider its policy towards China • 1970s - Sino-U.S. relations transformed • 1971 - Secretary of State Henry Kissinger secretly visits China