
What do you know about China? In your KWL chart list everything you can think of that you have learned about or heard about China.
Topography of China • Mountains in the West and the Pacific Ocean in the East serve as natural boundaries • 2 Seasons: • Summer=Wet season • Winter= Dry Season
A Brief Review of Modern Chinese History leading up to the 1970s.
The 19th Century Qing Dynasty • Britain, France, and Germany sought to expand trade in China • First Opium War (1840-1842) • Treaty of Nanking, 1842 - China loses Hong Kong to Britain • Second Opium War (1856-1860) • Britain, Japan, France, and Russia all obtained land from China
Effects of the Opium Wars • Internal rebellions throughout China • Anti-Qing sentiment grew • China was in danger of being “carved up” by European powers
The Tongzhi Restoration • The Tongzhi Emperor and the Empress Dowager Cixi
Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 • Shameful to China • Led to The Reform Movement 1894-1895 • Emperor Guangxu willing to work with reformers • Empress regained control, executed the reformers and banished Emperor Guangxu • Attempt at modernization failed
Boxer Rebellion • Led by the “Society of the Righteous Fist” • Directed anger at Europeans and Christian Missionaries • Goal was to expel “foreign devils” from China • Foreign response - 8 nations including the U.S. take control of Nanking • Exemplified how ineffective the Manchu Dynasty had become
1911- Revolution • Dr. Sun Yat-sen - Revolutionary Leader • Ideas of nationalism and democracy made up his vision of China • 1912 - Founding of the Republic of China • Sun is elected President
Sun is challenged by Yuan Shikai who was a military governor general • 1915 - Yuan sets himself up as emperor but dies in 1916 • China goes into a state of chaos • Difficult to establish the Republic
The Nationalist Party KMT • 1920s - Under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen • 1921 - Communist Party formed in Shanghai • 1923 - KMT and Communist Party of China united • 1925 - Sun Yat-sen died • Chiang Kai-shek took over KMT • Broke away from the Communists • Communists fled to the countryside
Chiang Kai-Shek • Campaign to unify China • Hatred of Communists and warlords • Purged communists - Mao Zedong and Zhu De • Extermination campaigns • Backed by foreign investors • Declared head of national government in 1928
The Long March1934 • Led by Mao Zedong • Approx. 100,000 men and women • Marched for 6,000 miles into Shaanxi Province • Intended to launch “people’s war” • Only 10,000 made it to Shaanxi (about 10%)
Party Conference of Zunyi in Guizhou Province, 1935 • Mao took leadership of the Communist Party
China During World War II • 1931 - Japan invaded Manchuria • 1937 - Japan invaded China proper (Beijing) • Fall of Shanghai • Forced KMT to unite with the Communists again
World War II • War broke out in Europe, 1939 • Germany stopped supplying weaponry to the Nationalist-Communist coalition • Bombing of Pearl Harbor, 1941 • United States became allied with China
Chongqing - Capital of China during World War II • Americans and British supplied China’s United Front with supplies flown over the Himalayas • Chiang Kai-shek did not distribute these to the Red Army • United Front collapsed
Power struggle in China between the Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong U.S. sided with Chiang Kai-shek Peace negotiations took place in Chongqing (mediated by the U.S.) Talks ended in a stalemate World War II ends
Civil War in China • 1948 - Communists formed the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) • Attacked Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists
Communist China • October 1, 1949 - Mao declared the People’s Republic of China • Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan - took China’s gold reserves with him
Communist China • With the exception of Taiwan, CCP manages to reunify all of China • United States refuses to recognize Mao and the CCP
China under Communism • 1957 - The Hundred Flowers Campaign • 1958 - The Great Leap Forward • 1960s - Break in US-USSR relations • Soviet Union stopped all aid to China
The Cultural Revolution • 1964 - Mao Zedong utilized the youth of China against his critics • 1966 - the Red Guard is created • Attacked the “Four Olds”: ideas, culture, customs, and habits • Guards attacked anything perceived to be related to capitalism or anything deemed as Western
Cultural Revolution • August, 1966: Deng Xiaoping and his followers were removed from power and imprisoned • Late 1960s - 1970s: Cultural Revolution became increasingly violent - attacked intellectuals, shopkeepers, religion, etc.
What was the position of the U.S. towards China through the Cultural Revolution? • U.S. industries and businesses would benefit from the fall of the CCP • Continued to support Chiang Kai-shek • Created fear of a Sino-Soviet pact at home • In 1964 - China exploded its first atomic bomb- forced the U.S. to reconsider its policy towards China • 1970s - Sino-U.S. relations transformed • 1971 - Secretary of State Henry Kissinger secretly visits China