Ancient Rome

1. Ancient Rome From Village to Empire Aim: What factors influenced the rise of Rome? Do Now: Analyzer the cartoon, “What conclusions can you draw from the cartoon?” 1.____________________________________________ 2.____________________________________________ 3.____________________________________________

2. The Pre-Roman World

3. Romulus and Remus What type of religion do you think the early Roman’s practiced? Polytheistic Legend Abandoned on the Tiber River and raised by a She-Wolf, the twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess decide to build a city near this spot.

4. Roman Mythology/Religion • Roman Mythology & Religion • Roman mythology • a. Based on the Greek polytheistic religion • b. Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events

5. of Rome 750 BCE Geography

6. In the Beginning… What geographic advantages did the city of Rome have? • Ancient Rome begin as a group of villages along the Tiber River in what is now Italy. • Around 750 B.C. these villages united to form the city of Rome.

7. Geography of Rome • Developed because of strategic location • Fertile soil important to the agriculture • Built among seven hills along a bend in the Tiber River

8. Strategic Location • Midway between the Alps and Italy’s southern tip • Located midpoint in the Mediterranean Sea

9. II. Early Civilization • As the city of Rome grew, their culture was influenced by their neighbors: The Etruscans and The Greeks • The Etruscans controlled much of northern Italy between 800-600BCE • The Greeks established cities in southern Italy and on Sicily

10. Influence of the Etruscans • Writing • Religion • The Arch • Political System

11. It was all Greek to them • Greeks settle between 750 and 600 B.C • Settle along southern coast and Sicily • Develop prosperous and commercial activity • Teach Romans to grow olives and grapes • Romans borrow religious ideas

12. The Influence of Greek Writing • (1) The Greek alphabet was adopted by the Etruscans and (2) the Etruscans changed it. • Then (3) the Romans borrowed the Etruscan alphabet and changed it. • Like the Greeks, Romans wrote in all capital letters • Like the Greeks, Romans carved important documents like laws and treaties into bronze or stones • Romans carved into walls and columns • Roman authors were inspired by Greek mythology

13. The Influence of Greek Mythology • The early religion in Rome was a mixture of many influences • From the Etruscans, Romans would celebrate religious rituals in founding their cities • Romans had their own gods, but as they mixed with Greek mythology, similar god’s from each culture would be blended to make a Roman god • Romans simply adopted some of the Greek gods as their own, and gave them Roman Names (Zeus = Jupiter; Aries = Mars) • For Romans, mythology was less important than strict ritual for exact occasions.

14. The Influence of Greek Art • Greek pottery was admired by Etruscans and Romans • Greek pottery was highly valued, used to store goods, and painted with figures, heroes, gods, etc. • Romans took Greek artists into their homes, and Romans imitated Greek styles but created their own lively and realistic style • Roman sculptors were skilled at creating life-like statues

15. The Influence of Greek Architecture • Greeks built marble temples as homes for their gods. • The Romans used columns and marble for their public buildings • Began using cement to build Pantheon, the Coliseum, and the Circus Maximus

16. The Influence of Etruscan Sport • The Romans adopted 2 bloody sports • Slave Fighting and Chariot Racing (Also Greek) • In Roman stadiums, slaves died fighting as gladiators – trained to fight for entertainment

17. The Roman Republic

18. III. Establishment of the Republic • Drove the King out Rome in 509 B.C. • Republic- a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives • Officials are chosen “by the people”- citizens who have the right to vote • .

19. IV. Roman Society Patricians Plebians

20. Roman Republic • Classes in Rome: Patricians, Plebeians, allies and slaves

21. Roman Republic

22. Disenfranchised-__________ Women Slaves • Women could not partake in government decisions, office or voting • Women did have some rights…. • Slaves made up 1/3 of population • Slave mostly war captives who were solely owned by citizens and had no rights

23. Power in the Roman Family • A Patriarchal Society: “Patria Potestas” (Power of a Father) • Father assumed the power of life and death over his family • Roman fathers conferred with a “council” of friends • Women living in the shadow of men

24. Aim: How was Roman society a democracy? Do Now: Write a response that answers the following question, “What does the statement tell you about the role of government in society? Explain your answer.” “I pledge allegiance to the flag, of the United States…to the republic, for which it stands…”

25. Government under the Republic • Roman Republic ruled by • 2 Consuls • Enforced laws passed by the Senate • Controlled the army • Served 1 year terms • Senate ruled the Roman Republic • Only patricians could serve in the Senate • Plebeians upset that they can’t serve in government but they fight in the army • The Tribal Assembly • The legislative body that represents the Plebeians • Plebeian representatives called Tribunes • They protect the rights of Plebeians • Citizen Assemblies • Only adult free males • Women not citizens, under the guardianship of their fathers or husbands • In times of crisis, a Dictator assumed absolute power for six months

26. Roman Republic

27. Discussion Questions: • How was power distributed under the Roman Republic? Why was it difficult for one Consul to become supreme leader? • How does the Roman Republic compare to Athenian democracy? Why might a direct democracy like Athens not succeed in a growing Republic like Rome? • Are the 12 Tables and Hammurabi's Code similar? If so, how? • Is Roman Republic government similar to any contemporary government?

28. Class Assignment • Use your knowledge of the United States Government and your notes on the Roman Republic to construct a graphic organizer which shows the similarities between the Roman Republic and the United States. • You may work with a partner to complete this assignment

29. Aim: What were the effects of Roman expansion? • Do Now: Copy the question AND answer it in your notebook: • Both the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Romans viewed foreigners as barbarians. This is an example of: • 1. Cultural diffusion 2. Materialism 3. Imperialism 4. Ethnocentrism

30. Ethnocentrism:Belief in the superiority of one's own nation, culture, or ethnic group to which one belongs, often accompanied by feelings of dislike for other groups.

31. VI. The Roman Army & Conquest“Courage, Duty, Determination • All citizens required to serve in the army – Citizen Soldier • Military units = Legions (5,000) • Legions divided into smaller groups of 80 = Century • Organization/fighting skills were key to Rome’s rise to greatness • Daily training: swimming, running, jumping, fencing and javelin throwing

32. The Punic WarsPunici The main cause of the Punic Wars –clash between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. • First Punic War • Rome wins and forces Carthage to pay reparations • Second Punic War • Hannibal invades Italy through the Alps • Beats Roman army at every turn but can never capture • Rome invades Carthage & defeats Hannibal in the battle of • Carthage forced to pay tribute to Rome again. • Third Punic War • Rome had conquered Carthage's empire and razed the city, becoming the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean. • Inhabitants sold into slavery and salt is mixed into the soil

33. Hannibal • Who was Hannibal? • Hannibal was a brilliant military strategist who wanted to avenge Cathage’s earlier defeat. • Hannibal surprised the Romans in 218 BC by directly invading Italy after crossing the alps with, most famously, two dozen African war elephants • Although Hannibal surprised the Romans and thoroughly beat them on the battlefields of Italy, he could not invade the crucial city of Rome itself, thus making him unable to draw the war to a decisive close.

34. Rome Controls The Mediterranean • Rome’s victories in the Punic Wars gave it dominance in the Mediterranean world • Rome conquers the eastern half • Rome’s empire expands from Spain and Britain to Asia Minor

35. VII. Effects of Roman Expansion

36. Incredible wealth led to serious problems • Widened gap between rich and poor • Wealthy bought huge estates called • An influx of Slaves • Large use of slave labor put many people out of work • Prices of Grain fell because of inflation • Small farmers fall into debt and sell land to rich owners. • Poor farmers immigrated to the city looking for jobs. • Greed and Corruption

37. 2. Attempt to Reform • The Gracchi brothers were plebeians in the tribunes that attempted to pass land reform legislation. • Redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians, in addition to other reform measures. • Brought grains to the poor • Results in the assassination of several of their supporters • After achieving some early success, both were assassinated for their efforts.

38. Military Upheaval • Growing turmoil within the republic was a breakdown of the once loyal military. • Corruption: • As the republic grew more unstable, generals began to seize power for themselves • The poor was recruited and in exchange for their opportunity, their loyalty was to their commander, replacing citizen soldiers whose loyalty was ALWAYS to the republic. • WHAT COULD BE THE PROBLEM WITH THIS?

39. Effects of Roman Expansion (cont) • New Hellenized, urban culture • Roman literature imitates Greek models --Terence • Adopted fad of Greek bathing • Shift in eating habits • More opportunities for Roman aristocrats to enrich themselves politically and materially • Demise of foreign enemies = loss of patriotism and Roman value of frugality

40. The Victory of Julius Caesar • Caesar’s key problem was ruling Rome alone without violating the oldest tradition of the republic: hatred of monarchy • Caesar’s domestic accomplishments and honors • The assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BCE) -- “The Ides of March” • Roman literature and portraiture reflects these stormy years of political chaos

41. Who were the Roman Emperors? • How were elements of Roman life shaped by the decisions that these rulers formed? • How do these decisions, as they were set forth, tell us why Rome was called an “empire”? • Which of these emperors would you consider the most important? • How would you rate the influence each of these emperors exacted on the Roman Empire? Advantages brought to Rome? Disadvantages brought to Rome? • Did the move toward empire benefit the Roman civilization? Why or why not? • Did the Roman Emperors benefit the Roman Empire? Why or why not?

42. Do Now: Write down and answer the following question: Should we be concerned with the decisions that principals like Mr. Dolan make? Why or why not. AIM: How did the Roman Republic evolve into an Empire that needed to be saved? • Why do the actions and attitudes of principals tell us something about what is going on in our schools? • Does this explain why people are concerned with how and why their leaders make decisions? Why or why not?

43. I. Collapse of the Roman Republic • First TRIMVIRANT • Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar • Civil War ensues and Caesar is able to defeat Pompey • Julius Caesar is in control • a. He is in control a very short time until he is ASSASSINATED by the Senate (44 B.C. in the Ides of March) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nuwEH-v0Bc • Second Triumvirate • a. Lepidus, Marc Anthony, Octavius • b. Civil war ensues and OCTAVIUSis triumphant • c. Octavius is named Caesar Augustus, the “anointed one” • d. He declared himself Principateor “first citizen”- NOT King or Emperor

44. Second Triumvirate cont. • Octaviusis named Caesar Augustus, the “anointed one” • He declared himself Principate or “first citizen”- NOT King or Emperor • Under his rule, Rome expanded and enjoyed a period of peace.

45. Octavian Becomes Augustus • Octavian was sole ruler of Rome after his forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium • The Senate gave him the name “Augustus,” meaning “most high” • 23 BCE – Octavian, now referred to as Augustus, was made consul for life by the Senate • Also made “Princeps,” meaning “first citizen” • Origin of the word “prince” • Also made “Imperator,” meaning “successful general” • Origin of the word “emperor” • Also made “PontifexMaximus,” or “chief religious leader • Origin of the word “pontiff” (used to describe the pope today) • Also made a tribune • He had the power to call the Senate, veto the Senate’s laws, and make laws himself

46. Rome under Augustus:A Golden Age

47. II. PaxRomana – Roman Peace 1. Period of almost 200 years full of peace and prosperity started by Augustus. • Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region and beyond • Complete control = almost no warfare • It ended with Marcus Aurelius. 2. Characteristics of the PaxRomana were peace, order, and prosperity. • Legions maintained the roads and protected the seas which increased trade • Ideas flowed freely through the Empire • Entertainment and festivals. • Circus Maximus- Chariot Races • Coliseum

48. III. Attempts to Save the Empire • Diocletian divides the empire in 284 AD into four smaller (and more manageable) parts, however he still had absolute control over the whole empire

49. 1. Diocletian cont • Brought prestige back to the position of Emperor • Fixed food prices to slow down inflation • Sons must follow the traditions of their fathers

50. Constantine (312 A.D.) did away with the four parts, leaving an empire permanently divided into two parts (East and West)