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WWI

WWI. THE WAR TO END ALL WARS?. WWI. THE GREAT WAR A WAR OF ATTRITION A WAR TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY. M ILITARISM.

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WWI

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  1. WWI THE WAR TO END ALL WARS?

  2. WWI THE GREAT WAR A WAR OF ATTRITION A WAR TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY

  3. MILITARISM • “The belief or a desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.” • Apple Dictionary

  4. MILITARISM • The build up of armies, navies, fortification of national boundaries, armament race, reserves • NEW WEAPONS • Tanks, submarines, machine guns, planes, trenches, gas • Intelligence, Communication, Transportation • Industrial Revolution Technology

  5. FlameThrowers GrenadeLaunchers

  6. Poison Gas Machine Gun

  7. MILITARISM • Rifle • The Number one Infantry Weapon • Automatic and semiautomatic weapons introduced in the last year of the War • 12 rounds per minute • Snipers

  8. MILITARISM • Machine Guns • Heavy – ill-suited for portability • 4-6 operators • Overheat, inoperable • 400-600 rounds per minute

  9. MILITARISM

  10. MILITARISM • Planes • First used for Reconnaissance • Ten Years after Wright Brothers • “Red Baron” – Manfred von Richtohfen – 80 confirmed victories

  11. Looking for the“Red Baron?”

  12. The Zeppelin

  13. MILITARISM

  14. MILITARISM “No Man’s Land”

  15. MILITARISM • Trench warfare • 7 feet deep • 4-6 wide • Harsh conditions • Rodents • Rain

  16. MILITARISM • TANKS • Evolutionary Process • Industrial Revolution – Caterpillar Tracks – Steam Tractor • Purpose – Muddy terrain, Trench Warfare

  17. French Renault Tank

  18. British Tank at Ypres

  19. Tank Production 1916-18 Year UK France Germany Italy USA 1916 150 - - - - 1917 1,277 800 - - - 1918 1,391 4,000 20 6 84

  20. ARMS RACE • 1910-1914 increased military expenditures • France – 10% • British – 13% • Russia – 39% • Germany – 73%

  21. CONSCRIPTION • All Continental European countries since 1870 • France – Revolutionary Wars • Austria-Hungary – 1868 • Germany – 1870 • Italy – 1873 • Russia - 1874

  22. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

  23. New French Recruits

  24. NAVAL RACE • Britain and Germany chief Rivals • 1900 German Navy Law – double the size • 1909-1911 – Tirpitz Plan • British produced the first Dreadnought • Germany built 9 Dreadnoughts • British 18 Dreadnoughts • WAR = GERMAN WORLD POWER

  25. U-Boats

  26. ALLIANCES • “close association of nations, or other groups, formed to advance common interests or causes” • Chancellor 1871-1890 • Diplomatically isolate France • Maintain Peace • “Honest Broker”

  27. ALLIANCES • League of the Three Emperors 1873 • Bismarck sought Alliance with Austria, Russia • Goal isolate France diplomatically • Second Alliance of the League of the Three Emperors (1881-1887) • Attempt to stop Russia and France from allying

  28. ALLIANCES • Congress of Berlin 1878 • 1875 – Five Balkan states revolted against Ottoman Control • Russia defeated Ottomans • Treaty of San Stefano 1878 • Bulgaria – Austrian puppet State • Britain, Germany, France intervened • Treaty of Berlin – Bulgaria split into three parts • Bosnia Herzegovina annexed by Austria • Russia – Humiliated

  29. THE BALKANS 1914

  30. ALLIANCES • Dual Alliance 1879 • Bismarck sought Alliance with Austria • If attacked by Russia or some other power each would support one another militarily • Each would remain neutral if attacked by any other power except Russia • German policy until 1918

  31. ALLIANCES • Triple Alliance 1882 • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • If Italy or Germany was attacked by France each would aid the other • If Austria was attacked by Russia Italy would remain neutral • Italy (1900, 1902) secret agreements b/w France and Italy

  32. ALLIANCES • Russo-French Rapprochement 1894 • Necessary to offset the threat of growing military might of Germany • Ended French isolation • Germany – Threat of a WAR ON TWO FRONTS

  33. ALLIANCES • Reinsurance Treaty 1887 • Austria refused to renew the Alliance of the Three Emperors • Bismarck joined a “defensive” alliance with Russia • Fearful of a Franco-Russian Alliance • 1890 – Wilhelm II refused to renew

  34. ALLIANCES • Entente Cordiale 1904 • Entente – “mutual understanding” • Between France and Great Britain • Where was Great Britain? • “Splendid Isolation” • Isolation no longer practical

  35. ALLIANCES • Anglo-Russian 1907 • France had an alliance with Russia & a friendly agreement with Britain • Goal to settle disputes b/w Britain and Russia • Will eventually become the Triple Entente • Heightened War Tensions, Secrets, Distrust, Suspicion • Small dispute – could lead all powers to WAR

  36. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Population Increase – 2x’s – 3x’s • Germany 1800 (24M) – 1900 (57M) • Britain 1800 (16M0 – 1900 (42M • New Markets for Industrial Goods • Scramble of Asia and Africa – raw materials

  37. IMPERIALISM • New Imperialism • Colonial Rivalries – • “Scramble for Asia and Africa” • Intensification of arms race • Hostility among powers • Strengthened Alliances, Ententes • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • New Markets, Natural Resources, Railway Systems, Economic Rivalries

  38. Imperialism: European conquest of Africa

  39. IMPERIALISM • New Imperialism • Peak 1895-1905 • Africa 10% controlled in 1875 • 1895 - 90% under European Control • Berlin Conference 1884-1885 • Bismarck – major powers settle disputes, questions and control over Africa • “No civilization that is not Christian is worth seeking, or possessing”

  40. NATIONALISM • Nation? State? Nation-State? • State– human created boundaries – central authority, sovereign, laws, rules • Nation - group of people who see themselves linked to one another- ethnically, culturally, or linguistically (psychological feeling) • Nation-State - inhabitants to some degree, consider themselves to be a nation with human created boundaries and a single gov’t • Nationalism – psychological force that binds together people who identify themselves with each other

  41. NATIONALISM • The Congress of Vienna 1815 • Nationalism ignore in favor of peace • Nation building – Italy (1861) and Germany (1871) • Pan-slavism • Austria – Hungary = Pan -Germanism

  42. NATIONALISM Pan-Germanism - movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries Germanic Countries Austria* Belgium Denmark Iceland Germany* Liechtenstein* Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland* United Kingdom * = German speaking country

  43. NATIONALISM • The desire of subjects for independence • Czechs, Poles, Serbs, Croats, Slovaks, Rumanians • The of independent nations for dominance and prestige • Germany – ‘Weltpolitik’ • Different Types • Economic Nationalism • Militant Nationalism

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