Colonial New England

1. Colonial New England Aim: What type of society did the Puritans establish in Colonial New England?

3. I. Puritan Origins • 1517: Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation. • John Calvin’s use of Luther’s ideas had a profound effect on the thought and character of America. • Calvinism became the dominant theological credo.

4. I. Puritan Origins • Major doctrines of Calvinism are predestination—the elect are destined for eternal bliss and others for eternal torment—and conversion—the receipt of God’s free gift. • 1530s: King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church. • Puritans: English religious reformers who wanted to purify English Christianity.

5. II. The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony • Controversy over church membership led to the Separatists breaking from the Church of England. • 1620: Some Separatists (known as Pilgrims) sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay. • Their Mayflower Compact was an agreement (democratic?) to form a government and submit to the will of the majority under some regulations.

6. Mayflower Compact (1620) "In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620."

7. III. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Non-separatist • Arrived in 1630—John Winthrop becomes governor • Covenant with God (“the elect”) • believed they had a covenant with God to build a holy society as a model for all humankind. • “City upon a Hill” • Puritan “work ethic” - serious commitment to work and worldly pursuits • Great Migration: By 1640, approx 20,000 arrived from England

8. Map 3.1b p45

10. New England Colonies, 1650 Population in the Colonies

11. Massachusetts Bay • Government • General Court – legislative assembly of freeman (stockholders); church members; no women • Massachusetts Body of Liberties • Town Meetings –administered local affairs, land distribution • Economy: Farming, shipping, fishing, trade; some slavery • Protestant work ethic: Hard work, frugality, thriftiness, etc. • Society: Patriarchal • Half-way Covenant - provided a partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of church members

12. IV. Religious Intolerance • Quakers – flogged; fled to PA • Roger Williams – • Liberty of Conscience • Separation of church and state • Tolerant (esp. w/ Indians) • Opposed alliance of church and civil gov’t • Banished – Rhode Island, a liberal colony of religious tolerance, freedom, and democracy • Anne Hutchinson • Antinomian - one who opposes the law • Preached at her house • Winthrop said Hutchinson’s lectures were “not tolerable nor comely in the sight of God nor fitting for your sex” • - Stood trial, deemed a heretic, banished • Traveled to RI and then to NY • Salem Witch Trials

13. V. New England Spreads Out • The fertile Connecticut River area attracted a sprinkling of Dutch and English settlers. • 1635: Hartford was founded. • 1639: Connecticut’s Fundamental Orders wasa modern constitution that established a regime democratically controlled by the “substantial” citizens. • 1638: New Haven was founded by Puritans.

14. Map 3.2 p48

15. V. New England Spreads Out • 1677: Maine was absorbed by Massachusetts. • 1641: New Hampshire was absorbed by the Bay Colony. • 1679: King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts and made it a royal colony.

16. VI. Puritans Versus Indians • Before Pilgrims arrived in 1620, an epidemic killed over 75% of the native people. • Wampanoag Indians befriended the settlers. • 1621: Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims. • 1621: The first Thanksgiving was celebrated. • Expanding settlement increased tensions.

17. VI. Puritans Versus Indians • 1637: Hostilities between Indians and whites exploded in the brutal Pequot War • 1675: Massasoit’s son Metacom (King Philip) forged intertribal alliance to resist settlers. • 1675–1676: King Philip’s War slowed English settlement for a time, but overall inflicted a lasting defeat on Indians in New England.

18. p49

19. VII. Organizing New England • 1643: Four colonies formed New England Confederation. • Its primary aim was defense against foes. • Each colony had two votes. • 1686: Royal authority created the Dominion of New England • It embraced New England, and two years later New York and East and West Jersey. • Sir Edmund Andros headed the Dominion.

20. VIII. New England Society • Puritan ideology placed men as head of household • Unequal inheritances, punishments • Bearing and rearing children were important tasks – Puritan women spent much of their adult lives pregnant or caring for young children

21. VIII. New England Society:Women in Colonial America • Men often gained land they could have never had in England • Arranged marriages common • Bride relinquished legal ownership of property to husband • After husband’s death, only received 1/3 of property

22. VIII. New England Society:Crisis of Freehold Society • As population grew, land and resources became less available • Parents had less control over children as they had less to offer them – rise in premarital conceptions • Began to have smaller families to make land available to children • Developed household mode of production

23. Envisioning Evidence PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT IN NEW ENGLAND AND THE CHESAPEAKE COMPARED

24. IX. New Netherlands • 17th century: Dutch golden age. • Dutch expanded their commercial and naval power to become a leading colonial power. • Hudson explores New York area • New Amsterdam established as capital of New Netherlands • Ruled by Gov. Peter Stuyvesant • England takes over in 1664 • New York • Dutch influence: • Place names • Gambrel-roofed architecture • Social customs and folkways (e.g., Easter eggs, Santa Claus)

25. MAP 3.3 European Colonies of the Atlantic Coast 1607–39

26. X. Pennsylvania • Charles II bestowed Pennsylvania on William Penn as payment for debt • Designed by Penn as a refuge for Quakers • Quakers believed all men and women had “inner light” • Prohibited an established church and allowed all property-owning men to vote and hold office

27. X. Pennsylvania • Noted features of the colony: • No provision for a military defense • No restrictions on immigration • Strong dislike of slavery • Some progress toward social reform • Contained many different ethnic groups • Afforded economic opportunity, civil liberty, and religious freedom

28. XI. Middle Colonies • NY, NJ and Pennsylvania became home to people of different origins, languages and religions • People tended to cling to their traditions , creating diverse groupings within the colonies • Led to ethnic and religious tension that foreshadowed later problems in the United States

29. Middle Colonies • Common features of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania: • They had extensive fertile soil. • They became the “bread colonies” because of grain exports. • Rivers like the Susquehanna, the Delaware, and the Hudson tapped the interior fur trade. • Industry stimulated commerce and the growth of seaports like New York and Philadelphia.

30. Middle Colonies • The middle colonies were midway between New England and the southern plantations: • Landholding was intermediate in size. • Local government was between personalized town meetings of New England and diffused county government of the South. • They had fewer industries than New England, but more than the South.

31. Middle Colonies • Distinctions of their own: • A more ethnically mixed population • An unusual degree of religious toleration and democratic control • Desirable land that was easier to acquire • Considerable economic and social democracy • All American colonies flourished under Britain’s continuing hands-off policies.