Presentation Transcript

1. Ancient Rome

2. The beginning of Rome is related to two legends: Aeneas Romulus & Remus According to Aeneas’ legend: Was Trojan War hero Moved his family west to promised land 1st to settle in present-day Rome Ancient Rome
3. According to the legend of Romulus & Remus: Twin brothers abandoned by mother @ birth Raised (age 2) by female wolf Found by farmer; kills wolf Raises boys as his sons As grown men, brothers decide to build city Stand on opposite hills; wait for “sign” from gods Birds circle Romulus; seen as “sign” from gods Remus jealous; brothers fight Romulus kills Remus; names city Rome Ancient Rome
4. Rome is ruled by series of kings until 600 B.C. Etruscans (northern Italy) invade Rome and conquer city. Romans live under their rule until 509 B.C. Now free, Romans create a republican*form of gov’t to rule city. * - gov’t where citizens elect reps. to rule in their name. Ancient Rome
5. Rome begins as a farming community; nearby Tiber River provided water source. As Rome developed into more complex society, two social classes begin: Patricians Plebeians Patricians were: Wealthy landowners Held high gov’t positions. Ancient Rome
6. Plebeians were: Commoners (Middle/Lower) Could vote Didn’t hold gov’t positions Resentment towards patricians power grows; forces them to write “12 Tables”. 12 Tables provided ALL Roman citizens with: Basic rights Basic duties Ancient Rome
7. What war was Aeneas a hero of? What animal cared for Romulus & Remus? What was the “sign” the gods gave Romulus? Who invades Rome in 600 B.C.? What type of gov’t does Rome create? What were the two social classes in Rome? What did the 12 Tables provide ALL Romans? Homework #1 – 3/20/13
8. Under the Republican gov’t, Rome had 3 branches: Legislative Executive Judicial Leg. Branch was made up of: Senate Assemblies Senate: Consisted of 300 members Advised Roman leaders Mostly patricians Ancient Rome
9. Assemblies: Made up of Plebeians Elected representatives Protected rights of plebeians Judicial branch consisted of: 8 judges Served 1 year Oversaw courts & governed provinces Ancient Rome
10. Executive branch consisted of: 2 Consuls Served 1 year Consuls had power to: Command army Direct gov’t Veto/Overrule other consul In times of crisis, consuls would choose a dictator* to rule in place for a limited time. * - Leader with absolute power. Ancient Rome
11. After the Roman Republic was created, Rome looked to expand its territory. Dominated central Italy by 300 B.C. By 275 B.C., Italian peninsula is under Roman control. Rome didn’t rule conquered people harshly: Offered citizenship Allowed to govern themselves Ancient Rome
12. Conquered people had to: Pay taxes to Rome Provide soldiers for army In search of new land, Rome begins the Punic Warsin 264 B.C. Series of 3 wars against Carthage*. * - rich, trading North African city Rome & Carthage fight outside Carthage; Rome wins 1st Punic War easily. Ancient Rome
13. Events of the 2nd Punic War: Carthage army is led by Hannibal; takes army to Rome En route, Hannibal’s troop “live off land”* * - Eat crops/livestock needed; destroy rest Hannibal reaches Rome’s outer wall; can’t break through Carthage stays for 6 months Rome sends troops to Zama while entire Carthaginian army is outside Rome Hannibal gets word of Rom’s plan; hurries back to defend Zama. Rome defeats Carthage…again Ancient Rome
14. Following 2nd Punic War (202 B.C), Carthaginian army forced to break apart. Rome now owns Carthage and it’s lands. In 146 B.C., Carthage army begins to rebuild; rumors of revolt reach Rome. Roman army travels to Carthage; destroys Carthaginian army. City of Carthage destroyed; all survivors are enslaved; salt poured into ground. Ancient Rome
15. As Rome expanded, so did problems. Unemployment & poverty increase after expansion because: Conquered people = slaves Conquered cities = wealth Large farms = slave labor Small farms can’t compete = unemployment Unemployment + Poverty Tension / Jealousy / Free time / Violence Ancient Rome
16. Commoners/low class grow increasingly jealous of wealth/power of upper class. Reformers try to ease the tension by breaking up large estates: Upper class feels threatened Reformers killed Roman generals (wanting more power in Rome) hire poor farmers to serve in army. Soldiers keep “spoils of war”*. * - conquered peoples’ money/possessions Ancient Rome
17. As generals become more successful, soldiers become richer. Soon, soldiers are loyal to generals, not Rome or country. Civil war breaks out between: Generals (and armies) loyal to Plebeians Generals (and armies) loyal to Patricians Plebeian General: Marius Patrician General: Sulla Ancient Rome
18. Roman generals (wanting more power in Rome) hire poor farmers to serve in army. Soldiers keep “spoils of war”*. * - conquered peoples’ money/possessions As generals become more successful, soldiers become richer. Soon, soldiers are loyal to generals, not Rome or country. Civil war breaks out between: Generals (and armies) loyal to Plebeians Generals (and armies) loyal to Patricians Ancient Rome
19. Plebeian General: Marius Patrician General: Sulla The civil war lasts many years; patricians win the war; Sulla takes over as dictator. Other generals use Sulla’s rise to power as a blueprint for their success. Julius Caesar was: Roman General Ambitious Craved real power Ancient Rome
20. Caesar realized that power started through military victories (Why?). Caesar won victories in Asia Minor (Turkey) and Gaul (France). Gave him reputation as brilliant general. Besides being great general, Caesar was also a great politician. Known as a reformer. Supported plebeians. Ancient Rome
21. His open support of lower class gains Caesar more popularity. Due to his increased popularity, Caesar is seen as a threat to the Roman Republic. Caesar returns victoriously from Gaul; Senate orders him to break up his army. Instead, Caesar leads troops through Italy, fighting Senate-controlled army for control of Rome. Ancient Rome
22. Caesar had won against Senate-controlled army; returns to Rome in 46 B.C. as victor/hero. Upon his return in 46 B.C., Caesar has: Full support of people of Rome. Been appointed sole Roman ruler by Senate. By 44 B.C., Caesar is named dictator for life. Usually dictators only given 6 month span. Ancient Rome
23. As absolute ruler of Rome, Caesar began reforms to change city. During his rule, he: Increased number of Senators in Senate. Enforced laws Created jobs for poor Some Romans, while happy with Caesar, feared he would anoint himself king. Ancient Rome
24. If Caesar declared himself king, it would mean: Caesar would rule for rest of his life Caesar’s family would rule after him Concern over Caesar’s power grew throughout Rome; Senate begins to resent Caesar. Jealous of power they lost. 60 Senators are organized by Brutus (Caesar’s close friend) to plot how to kill a “tyrant”. Ancient Rome
25. Assassination of Caesar: March 14th: Caesar stopped by fortune teller. Warned to “Beware Ides of March” (Full moon). March 15th: Caesar is called to emergency meeting of Senate. Arrives at Senate Chamber; joined by Marc Antony. Antony is stopped outside building. Caesar enters chamber alone; meets Senators on floor of chamber. As he’s greeting Senators, he is stabbed by ALL Senators. Brutus is last to stab Caesar, killing him. Antony witnesses Brutus’ act; Senators chase him. Ancient Rome
26. What happened to reformers who tried to help Rome? Why did the Roman Senate provide FREE gladiator games? Why were soldiers becoming more loyal to generals, not Rome? Which side did Marius lead in the civil war? Which side won? Why did Caesar believe power started with military victories? What title was Caesar given in 44 B.C.? What was unique about it? Why did the 60 senators want Caesar dead? Who created the plot to kill Caesar? What was Caesar warned to beware of? Homework #3 – 4/8/13
27. Following Caesar’s death, Rome plunges into a civil war, due to a lack of leadership. The war lasts for years; destroys whatever is left of Roman Republic. Senate, consuls, & assemblies disappear. Octavian, Caesar’s great-nephew & adopted son, defeats others for power in Rome. Octavian becomes ruler of Rome in 27 B.C.; changes name to Augustus. Ancient Rome
28. While technically an emperor, Augustus refuses title; called “first citizen” instead. Augustus restores some aspects of Rome’s old republic: Senate Consuls Assemblies Tribunes Rome’s republic was restored, but Augustus had power over all parts of gov’t. Ancient Rome
29. Under Augustus’ leadership, Rome was: Rebuilt/Beautified Strengthened (defenses improved) Efficient through civil service* Officials employed by gov’t. Civil Servants: Collected taxes Oversaw the postal system Managed grain supply Ancient Rome
30. Augustus’ rule is labeled PaxRomana*. * - “Roman Peace”. PaxRomana, and policies Augustus created, lasted for 200 years. Under PaxRomana: Roman empire reached greatest size to date Army was greatest fighting force in world (300,000) Gov’t was strong, even in absence of good ruler Agriculture improves; economy strengthens Trade increases throughout massive empire Common currency created; helps trade increase Ancient Rome
31. Life in Rome had problems like major cities of today. Urban problems plagued Rome, such as: Food Water/Sewage Poor Romans starved while rich Romans ate in excess. To prevent riots, grain given by gov’t to poor. Ancient Rome
32. To deal with growing spread of disease, Rome builds sewers. Improved sanitation; stopped spread of disease. To get water into city, Rome built aqueducts*; carried fresh water into city. * - Pipes that bring water from source. With improved water supply, bath houses became essential to Roman life. Romans would attend bathhouses to: Bathe Socialize Attend events (concerts, plays) Ancient Rome
33. Roles in Roman society were defined by gender. Fathers: Owned all property Had control over members of household Active in military/gov’t. Owned/ran businesses Could vote Mothers: Ran household/child-raising Inherited property; could NOT purchase land Ran family business when husband away Could NOT vote Ancient Rome
34. Children: Middle/lower class children homeschooled Upper class children sent to private school Girls stayed home; learned household chores Girls married by age 14 (arranged) Boys married by age 17 Ancient Rome
35. Homework #4 – 4/10/13
36. Roman religion was loosely based on Greek mythology: Believed in many gods Believed gods were in everything (nature) Worshipped at shrines in home Ancient Rome
37. Roman religion vs. Greek mythology GreekRoman SupremeZeus Jupiter God SupremeHera Juno Goddess God of SeaPoseidon Neptune God of Music,Apollo Apollo Poetry Goddess ofAphrodite Venus Beauty God of War Ares Mars Ancient Rome