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Modern Europe

Modern Europe. Reforms of Gorbachev. Gorbachev. Gorbachev’s Reforms 1985. Had NOT emerged during Stalin’s reign HAD contact with West Admitted Soviet system lagged Introduces reform USSR abandons “superiority” over others. Future of Reform. Soviet army pulled from Afghanistan

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Modern Europe

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  1. Modern Europe

  2. Reforms of Gorbachev

  3. Gorbachev

  4. Gorbachev’s Reforms 1985 • Had NOT emerged during Stalin’s reign • HAD contact with West • Admitted Soviet system lagged • Introduces reform • USSR abandons “superiority” over others

  5. Future of Reform • Soviet army pulled from Afghanistan • Nuclear weapons reduced • Satellite nations were surrendered • Germany is permitted to reunify

  6. Glasnost • 1986 “Openness” • Lenin-Brezhnev= totalitarian state • Fear not initiative rewarded • Religion accepted, not liked • Christians open churches, Jews leave • Dissidents released • Controls relaxed (censorship) • Criticize govt, examine social problems

  7. Two Dissidents • Alexander Solzhenitsyn • Criticized Stalin • Sent to gulag, wrote book • 1974- forced out of USSR, to US • Andrei Sakharov • Helped develop hydrogen bomb • Returned to Moscow under glasnost

  8. Sakharov

  9. Perestroika • 1986 “Economic Restructuring” • Economic hardship • Problems= central planning • Local managers= more authority • Laws allow for private business • Need for new technology

  10. Demokratizatsiya • 1989 Economic success- Party must loosen control • Multi-candidate elections • Secret ballot • New legislature Congress of Peoples’ Deputies (still only 1 party) • Gorbachev elected President

  11. Economic Reform • Market economy replaces central planning • Individual enterprise, private property • Foreign Investments • Socialism emphasized over Capitalism • Reform brings higher standard of living and problems

  12. Economic Problems • Chernobyl Accident- Explosion at a nuclear power plant in Ukraine • Economy and standard of living fall • Lack of cohesion emerged • Communism had led to artificial unity • Freedom and democracy provoke dissatisfaction • Ethnic/national groups want independence • Yeltsin and Russian Republic declare independence

  13. Chernobyl Amusement Park

  14. Arms Control • SALT- 1972 Nixon & Brezhnev • Détente- tensions lessen • Talks stall 1980’s- Gorbachev restarted • Dec. 1987 INF- (Intermediate Nuclear Forces) • Gorbachev signs w/ Reagan

  15. Read and take Notes • Movement of people 1126-8 • External Migration • Internal Migration • Decolonization • Racism • National Front • Post WWII • Eastern Europe • Urbanization

  16. Fall of the Iron Curtain

  17. Poland • 1st to feel Gorbachev’s reforms • Economy hurt by 1981 military rule • 1988 walk off- Solidarity • Jaruzelski meets w/ Solidarity • ends military dictatorship

  18. Poland • 1989 free elections • 1st peaceful communist turnover • New govt.= democracy • Est. by Solidarity • Walesa elected in 1990 • Free market • Economy stabilizes-incentives • Inflation, unemployment recover

  19. Hungary • Under Kadar- communist dictatorship • Reform- free enterprise, stock market, • New constitution- free parliamentary elections (multi-party) • Oct. 1989 Radicals depose Communists • Communists vote itself out • New govt.= conservative govt.

  20. East Germany • Oct. 1989- Communist govt. loses faith, people fleeing West • Demonstrations for democracy • Honecker uses police • Police, leaders not follow orders • Honecker- resigns Oct. 18, 1989 • Nov. 1989- Berlin Wall falls

  21. Bulgaria • Todor Zhivkov- Communist Dictator resigns after Wall falls • New govt.= Multi-party govt. (mid Dec. 1989)

  22. Czechoslovakia • Milos Jakes resists change • 1989 protest (Havel) • Police attack- People demand end to communist rule • Communist govt. resigns • New govt.= Democracy under Vaclav Havel

  23. Prague 1989

  24. Czechoslovakia • Economy- inflation & unemployment • Especially in Slovakia • Jan 1,1993 2 areas divide • Could not agree on how to handle economic problems

  25. Romania • Late 1989 no democratic reform • Nicolae Ceausescu- Communist Dictator (use of secret police) • Dec. 21, 1989- demonstration • Popular uprising- army joins people • Dec. 25, 1989- shot with wife • E. Europe now had democracies

  26. Fall of the USSR

  27. Collapse of Communism • E. Europe inspires multinational states • 100 ethnic groups • Muslim groups- more religious freedom • March 11, 1990 Lithuania declares independence • Tanks move in- Gorbachev afraid other republics might follow • People look to Yeltsin- denounces use of force • 1st freely elected pres of Russian Republic

  28. Yeltsin

  29. Why the Coup? • Top Party officials, KGB, defense ministry- upset over Gorbachev about E. Europe • Fear of losing power

  30. The Coup • Gorbachev sided with • Radical democratization • Communist hardliners • Aug. 2, 1991 Communists stage Coup • Gorbachev taken into custody while on vacation • State of Emergency declared • People protest- fear of dictatorship • Yeltsin speaks against coup (gains fame)

  31. Protestors

  32. The Coup Fails • Gorbachev returns to Moscow • Resigns as Secretary General • Communist Party officially disbanded • Soviet strength had collapsed • Baltic States demand and gain independence • 10 republics declare independence (not complete break)

  33. Tanks in Moscow

  34. Yeltsin on Tank

  35. Coup Fails

  36. End of the USSR • Post-coup leaders of republics form State Council • Gorbachev president, Yeltsin most powerful • Council creates loose confederation and prevents economic collapse • Council breaks down • Commonwealth of Independent States- Ukraine, Russia,Byelorussia, others follow • Gorbachev resigns Dec. 25, 1991

  37. The Republics • Uncertain future • Lack of democratic experience • Size • Ethnic diversity • Questions • Economic cooperation? • Common foreign policy, secure nuclear weapons? • Preserve law and order?

  38. New Germany

  39. West Germany • Shortages in food and housing- East Germans flee • Konrad Adenauer- first chancellor • Led German recovery • Industrialized, skilled workers, resources • Marshall Plan- modern technology • Europe’s economic leader

  40. West Germany • 1969 Willy Brandt- “Ostopolitik” (eastern policy” • Ease tension with Soviet Bloc • 1982 Helmut Kohl- closer ties with US • Convince- new Germany not threat • 1990 plans reunification of Germanys • Challenge: Modernized West and Backwards East

  41. New Germany • E. Germany in ruins • Not modernized since WWII • Rebuilding • $100 billion in early 1990s (taxes) • 1994 3 million jobless (inefficient factories) • C. Europe’s largest, wealthiest country

  42. Neo-Nazi Violence • Early 1990’s refugees from Yugoslavian wars • Constitution guaranteed refuge • Unemployed Germans angered- job stealing • Kohl- “This republic is not Weimar”

  43. The Wall

  44. The Wall Falls

  45. Cracks in the Wall

  46. The Wall Falls

  47. Cracks in the Wall

  48. Western Europe after WWII

  49. France • Fourth Republic est. 1946 • Nazis stripped country • Major rebuilding • Vietnam (Indochina) • Vietminh- communists • 1954 French leave after defeat at Dien Bien Phu

  50. France • Algeria- Muslims v. French • F.L.N. (National Liberation Front)- attacked French military and settlers • 1957 French military takes control of govt. as rebel win close • French split on issues de Gaulle forms the Fifth Republic • New constitution- Pres. Stronger, Assembly weaker

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