Sacred & Secular Religion and Politics Worldwide

1. Sacred & SecularReligion and Politics Worldwide Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart

2. Structure • Theories of secularization • Religiosity & existential security • Research design • Evidence • Comparisons by type of society • Failure of religious market theory in post-Communist nations • Demographic patterns & religiosity • Conclusions • Advanced industrial societies have become steadily more secular during the last 50 years • Yet the world as a whole has more people with traditional religious beliefs than ever before

3. Book Contents

4. I:Theories of secularization • Max Weber – Enlightenment Rationality • The loss of faith • Emile Durkheim - Functionalism • The loss of purpose • Stark and Finke - Religious market theory • “After nearly three centuries of utterly failed prophesies and misrepresentations of both present and past, it seems time to carry the secularization doctrine to the graveyard of failed theories, and there to whisper ‘requiescat in pace’” Stark and Finke. 2000. Acts of Faith. • Public ‘demand’ for religion is constant • Supply-side competition among clergy energizes religiosity • Religious participation explained by religious pluralism and freedom of religion

5. Theory of secularization & security H5 Demographic trends A#1 Societies differ in levels of basic human security Religious values Eg Importance of religion Importance of God Religious Participation Eg Attend religious services Daily prayer or meditation Religious Political Activism Eg Member religious groups Support religious party H1 H4 H3 A#2 Societies differ in their predominant religious culture Religious beliefs Eg Within each religion Moral attitudes H2

6. II. Research design?

7. World Values Survey 1981-2001

8. Classification of societies Sources:Type of predominant religion: CIA World Factbook; Type of society: HDI UNDP

9. Measures

10. III: Evidence

11. Measures of religious participation

12. Note: Religious participation: Q185 “Apart from weddings, funerals and christenings, about how often do you attend religious services these days? More than once a week, once a week, once a month, only on special hold days, once a year, less often, never or practically never.” The proportion who attended ‘Once a week or more.’ Source: World Values Survey (pooled surveys, 1981-2001)

13. Religiosity by type of society

14. Religiosity & Development

15. Trends in belief in God 1947-2001Ref Gallup polls & WVS

16. Trends in European church attendance, 1970-2000 Source: Eurobarometer annual surveys

17. Religious participation by cohort Agrarian Industrial Postindustrial

18. Religion & economic inequality

19. Religiosity & household income, postindustrial societies Source: WVS 1981-2001

20. Religion & demographic trends (Source: World Bank 2003)

21. IV: Conclusions

22. Conclusions • Virtually all advanced industrial societies are moving towards more secular orientations. • Yet the world as a whole now has more people with traditional religious beliefs than ever before • The religion gap becomes increasingly salient on the global agenda, yet the consequences for international conflict remain unclear. Further details/chapters: www.pippanorris.com

23. Religiosity among postindustrial nations

24. Failure of market theoryPost-communist societies