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Sudan and the Legacy of Empire: An Examination of Nationalism and Independence

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This exam focuses on the historical context of Sudan's nationalism and independence amidst the legacies of colonial rule. Key topics include Sudanese nationalism's emergence, pivotal events like the Suez Crisis, and policies affecting Northern and Southern Sudan. Students will explore the complexities of self-determination, the impacts of British colonialism, and the sociopolitical landscape that led to the North-South civil war and the eventual secession of South Sudan in 2011. Familiarity with readings and critical analysis of these themes is essential for success.

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Sudan and the Legacy of Empire: An Examination of Nationalism and Independence

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  1. Sudan and the End of Empire;Legacies of Empire HIST 4339

  2. Final Exam • Sat, 7:30-10:00pm, CLUB 4 • Exam will reward familiarity with readings • 4 IDs (out of 8 choices) • One essay (2/3 choices)

  3. Outline • Sudanese nationalism and independence • Suez crisis • Legacies of empire

  4. Southern Policy • Separation of south from north • Encouragement of development of southern culture Northern and Southern Sudan (Salih 419)

  5. Nuba Policy • Extension of Southern Policy • British politicization and alteration of existing divisions and communities Northern and Southern Sudan (Salih 419)

  6. Sudanese Nationalism • 1938: establishment of “Graduates’ General Congress” (educated Sudanese) • 1942: Sudanese leaders demand “right of self-determination” at WWII end • 1946: draft treaty renegotiating Sudan’s status leaves all parties unhappy

  7. Draft Treaty (1946) “. . . will have for its essential objective to secure the well-being of the Sudan . . . the development of self-government, and consequently the right to choose the future status of the Sudan. Until . . . full common agreement . . . the Agreement of 1899 will continue and Article 11 of the Treaty of 1936 . . . will remain in force.”

  8. Sudanese Nationalism • 1952: military revolution in Egypt, Egyptian call for Sudanese independence • 1953: British agree to Egyptian proposal

  9. Sudanese Independence • 1955: Sudanese demand that Britain withdraw troops • Dec 1955: Sudanese declaration of independence • 1 Jan 1956: official transfer of power in Khartoum

  10. Egypt: Suez Crisis • Egyptian leader Col. Gamal Abdul Nasser accepts Soviet military aid • July 1956: Nasser’s nationalization of Suez canal

  11. Egypt: Suez Crisis • Nov 1956: Britain’s disastrous military operation to regain canal • Britain no longer a world power

  12. Legacies of Empire:Bengal Borderlands • Little immediate impact • Complicated traditional social and economic patterns • Also created new opportunities and new forms of work

  13. Legacies of Empire:Kuwait-Iraq • 1922: Percy Cox draws Saudi boundaries • 1923: Cox defines Kuwait-Iraq boundary (vaguely) • Tension over territory with potential for oil <www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia05/kuwait_sm05.gif>

  14. Legacies of Empire: Sudan • North-South civil war: 1.5 million dead • Darfur genocide: 300,000 dead, 4m refugees • 9 Jul 2011: South Sudan secession

  15. Conclusions • Imperial policies still affect today’s world • Territorial and ethnic conflicts

  16. Conclusions • Political achievements of anti-colonial leaders • Cultural achievements (Rushdie, Achebe, Ngugi)

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