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The American Empire

The American Empire. Written and Performatively Enacted by: Kimberly Burroughs Christian Chessman Jack Hahne Harrison Powell Andy Underkofler. America’s Beginnings. 1763-1789. 1763: End of the French and Indian War. 1763 Proclamation Line Heavy war debt Increased enforcement of taxes

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The American Empire

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  1. The American Empire Written and Performatively Enacted by: Kimberly Burroughs Christian Chessman Jack Hahne Harrison Powell Andy Underkofler

  2. America’s Beginnings 1763-1789

  3. 1763: End of the French and Indian War 1763 Proclamation Line Heavy war debt Increased enforcement of taxes Sets stage for revolution

  4. Heading to War • The End of Salutary Neglect • Taxes and Acts • Stamp Acts • Sugar Acts • Townshend Acts • Intolerable Acts • Boston Tea Party • Boston Massacre

  5. Continental Congress • First • Enacts boycott • Second • Declaration of Independence • Articles of Confederation • Revolutionary War

  6. Articles of Confederation • Emphasis on Confederation instead of Nation • Issues with taxation • Cannot maintain army/navy • Land Ordinance of 1785 • Northwest Ordinance • Weak Central Government • Shay’s Rebellion

  7. Constitutional Convention • New Constitution • Virginia and New Jersey Plans • Three-Fifths Compromise • Strong National Government • Ratification • Federalists and Antifederalists • Only ratified with the agreement for a Bill of Rights

  8. George Washington’s Presidency(1789-1797) • French Revolution • Whiskey Rebellion • Precedent • Two Terms • Cabinet • Alexander Hamilton • Thomas Jefferson

  9. Into the 19th Century • John Adams • Alien and Sedition Acts • Father of the Navy • Thomas Jefferson • Revolution of 1800

  10. Jefferson and Expansion • Louisiana Purchase • Strict Interpretation vs. Loose Interpretation of the Constitution. • Precursor to the Monroe Doctrine • Justifies expansion and defensive. • Louisiana Purchase and Westward Expansion • Lewis and Clark (1804-1806).

  11. War of 1812 • Causes: • Naval Impressments, • Trade Restrictions, • Desire to Expand into Canada, • disputes over the Oregon Territory and Northern borders of Oregon and Maine • "I believe that in four weeks from the time a declaration of war is heard on our frontier, the whole of Upper Canada and a part of Lower Canada will be in our power." –John C. Calhoun

  12. Acquiring Florida • Jackson invades Florida • Justifies with the Monroe Doctrine • Adams-Onis Treaty cedes all of Florida to U.S. in exchange for a promise that the U.S. would no longer hold any aspirations for Texas.

  13. Andrew Jackson Abandons Enlightenment Principles The Election of Andrew Jackson Marks (1829-1837) marks a dramatic shift in American-Native American relations. Indian Removal Act Trail of Tears

  14. The Oregon Dispute “54’40” Or Fight!” Treaty of 1818 established joint occupation of Oregon Territory Monroe Doctrine and Louisiana Purchase used to rationalize claim up to 49th parallel. Hudson Bay Company Compromise

  15. Texas and the Mexican-American War • Multiple requests for annexation by Texans are turned down for fear of War with Mexico and dispute of spread of slavery. • Tyler passes Texas Annexation in Executive Action which creates outrage in government • Dispute of Nueces Region boundary used as an excuse to incite war with Mexico because Adams-Onis Treaty did not clearly define boundary. • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war - the US extends claims to CA, NM, OK, AZ, NV, and CA. • Again justified by Monroe Doctrine (proactive defense).

  16. 1860-1900 - Overview The Gilded Age

  17. Ideology

  18. People • Abraham Lincoln • 1861-1865 • Slavery • Preservation of the Union • Rutherford B. Hayes • 1877-1881 • Great Railroad Strike

  19. People • William McKinley • 1897-1901 • Economic expansion • Territorial expansion • Spanish-American War • Civil Rights • William Henry Seward • Henry Cabot Lodge • Chester A. Arthur • 1881-1885 • “Father of the Steel Navy” • Grover Cleveland • 1885-1889, 1893-1897 • Opposed to US imperialism • Supported big business

  20. Documents • Emancipation Proclamation • 1862 • Freed the majority of the slaves • Amendments 13, 14, and 15 • 13 - abolished slavery • 14 - blacks can be citizens • 15 - race, color, and previous servitude cannot prevent voting rights • Wade-Davis Bill • 1864 • A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson • 1881 • Injustice towards Native Americans

  21. Documents • 1890 census: • “Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer have a place in the census reports.” • How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis • 1890 • Urban poverty

  22. Events • New York Draft Riots • 1863 • Men who could pay were exempt • Plessy v. Ferguson • 1896 • “Separate but equal” • American Anti-Imperialist League Founded • 1898

  23. Movement • Government Acts • Homestead Act & Morrill Act of1862 • Both encouraged westward settlement • Alaska in1867 • Bancroft treaties begin in 1868 • Immigrants from the North German Confederation • Burlingame Treaty with China of 1868 • China attains Most Favored Nation status

  24. Movement • First transcontinental United States railroad completed • 1869 • Chinese Exclusion Act • 1882 • Interstate Commerce Commission • 1887 • Dawes Act • 1887 • Divided reservation land into private plots • Extra land made available to non-Native Americans • Private Acts • Pony Express (1860) • Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone (1875)

  25. Power

  26. Wars & Massacres • Civil War • 1861-1865 • Dakota War of 1862 • Sand Creek Massacre • 1864 • Red River Indian War • 1874 • Battle of Little Bighorn • 1876 • Nez Perce War • 1877 • The Battle of Wounded Knee • 1890

  27. Wars & Massacres • Hawaii • Queen Liliuokalani overthrown in 1893 • Newlands Resolution in 1898, Territory of Hawaii

  28. Wars and Massacres • Spanish-American War • 1898 • USS Maine sinks • Fought in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam • Treaty of Paris • American Samoa • 1899 • Philippine-American War • 1899-1902

  29. Diplomacy • Alabama Claims • 1871-1872 • Treaty of Washington • Virginius Affair • 1873-1875 • Baltimore Crisis • 1891 • Teller Amendment • 1898 • Open Door Notes • 1899

  30. Other • Panic of 1873 • Domestic factors • Boom after the Civil War • Railroad industry • Speculators • Jay Cooke & Company fails • International factors • Germany abandon’s silver standard • European economic depression • Centennial Exposition • 1876 • Reconstruction ends • 1877

  31. Other • Fence Cutting War • 1883-1888 • Open range v. fenced-in property • Sherman Antitrust Act • 1890 • First federal act to limit trusts • Panic of 1893 • Railroad speculation • Monetary standards

  32. 1900-1945Entering the 21st Century

  33. Cuba • Acquired in Spanish-American War • “Independent” in 1902 • Platt Amendment • Business and Colonization • Sugar, Railroads, and more!

  34.  Philippines • Acquired in Spanish-American War for $20,000,000 • Filipino Nationalism • Greater autonomy in 1916

  35.  Philippines • Filipino migration in the 1920s • Seen by FDR as a drain on resources • Given commonwealth status and path to independence • Invaded by Japan

  36.  Panama • Panama gets independence from Colombia • Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty establishes Canal Zone • Canal completed in 1914 • Becomes center of commerce and conflict between US and Panama

  37. WWI and Post-War • Woodrow Wilson and World War One • 14 Points • Seen as threat by Great Britain • Wanted to create world market for US goods • Sees US motives as pure and selfless • Treaty of Versailles • Results

  38. World War II • One of the last powers to officially join • Gave support to Allies • Yalta • Potsdam • The UN, IMF and World Bank

  39. 1945 – Present Imperialism Today

  40. Movement and Interaction The United States had many foreign interventions of questionable nature during the past 75 years. A pattern tends to emerge; the US dislikes a leader, and that leader is deposed by CIA black-operatives, or US-led military intervention. In essence….

  41. Korean War • June 25 1950 – 1953 • USSR was perceived as expanding sphere of influence • What is sphere of influence? • Why did the USSR matter? • Countering Russian expansion: war in Korea.

  42. Guatemala • Operations PBFORTUNE and PBSUCCESS • Initiated to depose Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz • Arbenz was a Commie. • CIA succeded in deposing Arbenz, replaced with Fuentes. • Fuentes was a violent autocrat • “But he’s OUR son of a bitch” mentality.

  43. Iran • US feared Iran would turn to Communism • Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh’s interest in nationalizing oil didn’t help • CIA operatives: • stir up rebellion, • assassinate Mossadegh, • implant a puppet government – the Shah – favorable to the US

  44. Cuba • Castro takes power • Its called the Communist Revolution • 90 miles from US shores • “Beachhead” of Communism • CIA pays and trains Cuban exiles to re-take Cuba • “Bay of Pigs” invasion – fails miserably

  45. Brazil • 1964: President Joao Goulart considers income redistribution and nationalization of agriculture • CIA covertly assists a coup d’etat in Brazil • Surprise! • The new President loves the US, free market capitalism, and debt payment to the IMF. • Everybody* wins! *named the United States federal government

  46. Vietnam • North Vietnam is Communist • South Vietnam is not • We support them • Ghosts of Tonkin: Military “Engagement”? • Gulf of Tonkin Legislation Permits US to respond to Vietnamese “Aggression”. • Except, the US had been attacking – Vietnam’s (non-existent) response

  47. Israel Israel was controversial – warring with Egypt, Syria and Jordan Egypt was uniquely valuable of Israel’s enemies. Israel served as a foothold in the MidEast for the US – important to maintain. Thus, Jimmy Carter brokered the Camp David Accords

  48. Grenades for Grenada • People’s Revolutionary Government – Communists – seize power in 1979. • US responds with Operation Urgent Fury • (note the name tone change) • Explicit military action! • Paul Scoon

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