The Middle East, India, & SE Asia (650-1450)

1. The Middle East, India, & SE Asia (650-1450)

2. Religion Islam means submission • Acceptance of people of the book (Christianity, Judaism) • Allow converts (Malawi) • Ulama: fundamentalist • Sharia: Islamic laws, veiling • Sunni-Shi'i Split ..\..\..\Videos\APWH\Islam__History_and_Teachings__Rituals_and_Practices_of_Islam.mov

3. Shiites & Sunnis 1. What are the majority of Muslims? Sunni 2. What is the most important similarity of Shiites & Sunnis? The 5 pillars 3. What is an ayatollah? Shiite religious authority Islamic Law 1. What are caliphs? Political-Religious leaders 2. How did family law reflect their views of women? Marriage and property rights 3. How were Islamic court proceedings similar to US? Due Process Islam

4. Religion • Spread of Islam to South Asia • By the 1200’s Islamic dynasties ruled much of northern India • Many Buddhists converted to Islam • Hinduism became more actively devotional, emphasizing cults of gods and goddesses. • Hindus became increasingly intolerant of Muslim practices, while the Islamic ulama stressed the differences between Muslims and Hindus • Southeast Asia • Trading contacts provided the means for the expansion of Islam into Southeast Asia. • Islamic religion of the Southeast tended to be more tolerant of indigenous animist religions

5. Politics • Caliphs: Muslim religious and political leaders • political rivalries, ethnic differences, and sectarian rifts divided the Islamic world. • Islam-Theocratic Rulers- codified Islamic law • India • Political fragmentation paved way for Muslim invasions • Conquered people were respected, but required to pay a non-believer tax • established a Muslim capital in India at Delhi

6. Empire • Unification of Arabia • Economic and religious motives for conquest • Umayyad Dynasty (660-750) • expanded into Asia and Northern Africa • Regional Sultans ruled for caliphs • Decline due to lavish lifestyles of caliphs • Military dissent

7. Empire • Abbasid Era • centralized government • Shi'i suppression • built a new capital in Iraq at Baghdad • economic advantages to believers, mass conversions • Problems in determining the succession • Mercenary armies were enlisted to fight civil wars • High taxes • 1258 Mongols overran Islamic empire

8. Economy • Urbanization; opportunities for craftsmen and artists • Participated in trade • -Trans Sahara Trade • -Silk Road/Route • -Indian Ocean Trade: Islamic World, China, East Africa and Persia • Traded: cotton, silk, elephants, gems, cinnamon, and salt

9. Global Trade Arabs dominated trade • controlled western trading zone • traded: textiles, carpets, glass & Arabian horses • Crusades • Trans-Saharan trade routes • Islam spread ..\..\..\Videos\APWH\Muslims_and_Christians_in_Medieval_Times.mov

10. Social Class/Gender • Umayyad • Women- married at puberty • Islamic women strengthened their positions within their households • Islam declared the spiritual equality of men and women before Allah • Women entered many occupations, including commerce and law. • Abbasid • Women’s position declined • increasingly confined to the household • totally subjected to patriarchal authority • caliphs maintained harems, in which both wives and concubines were secluded in the imperial chambers • veiling of free females • Elite women were cut off from any occupation other than running a household

11. Science/Inventions • Objective experimentation • Animal? Vegetable? Mineral? • Observed earth turning & calculated circumference • Hospitals • Emergency rooms - doctor exams • Studied diseases - wrote medical books • improved techniques for paper-making, ceramics, and silk-weaving • Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry

12. Art/Architecture • Persian became language of high culture and literature • Calligraphy, designs • Minarets • Mosques • Literature • Poetic works: “1001 Arabian Nights”

13. Why did the disputes over authority after the death of Muhammad serve to hinder future Muslim unity? Write your hypothesis on your paper.

14. Why did the disputes over authority after the death of Muhammad serve to hinder future Muslim unity? • Muhammad did not leave a principle for succession within Islam; he was the final prophet. • Successors to lead the Muslim community first were elected by the Umma. (community of the faithful in Islam) • Ali contested the system by advocating descent from Muhammad; this became the focal point of Shi'ism.

15. Why did the disputes over authority after the death of Muhammad serve to hinder future Muslim unity? • Ali's opposition caused civil war and Umayyad success led to their founding of a dynasty. • The Shi'i never accepted defeat; descendants of Muhammad were always present to contest rule over Muslims. • A fundamental division remained between the Sunni and Shi'i divisions of Islam.

16. Compare the initial spread of Islam throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic incursions into India and Southeast Asia. Write your hypothesis on your paper.

17. Compare the initial spread of Islam throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic incursions into India and Southeast Asia. • Most of the first expansion in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East was by Arabian tribesmen. • The government under the Umayyads retained the initial concept of rule by a small Arab elite; full citizenship for Malawi was denied. • Then the Abbasids gave full citizenship to non-Arabs.

18. Compare the initial spread of Islam throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic incursions into India and Southeast Asia. • The second stage of Islamic expansion was led by non­Arabs. • The presence of Sufi missionaries made for a more peaceful expansion and to less restrictive forms of Islam. • Converts, as in the Delhi sultanate, retained many of their previous Hindu beliefs and social systems.