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DNA

DNA. Nucleic Acids. What are the types of Nucleic Acids?. Nucleic Acids. Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic Acids. Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer)

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DNA

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  1. DNA

  2. Nucleic Acids • What are the types of Nucleic Acids?

  3. Nucleic Acids • Types of Nucleic Acids: • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA (ribonucleic acid)

  4. Nucleic Acids • Types of Nucleic Acids: • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • mRNA (messenger) • tRNA (transfer) • rRNA (ribosomal)

  5. Nucleic Acids • What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

  6. Nucleic Acids • Building blocks of nucleic acids: • Nucleotides

  7. Nucleic Acids • Building blocks of nucleic acids: • Nucleotides: • Adenine • Thymine • Guanine • Cytosine • Uracil

  8. Nucleic Acids • How would you recognize a nucleotide?

  9. Nucleic Acids • How would you recognize a nucleotide?

  10. Nucleic Acids • How do DNA and RNA compare?

  11. Nucleic Acids

  12. DNA Structure

  13. DNA Structure

  14. DNA Structure

  15. DNA Structure • Double-stranded

  16. DNA Structure • Double-stranded • Covalent bonds between phosphate and sugar

  17. DNA Structure • Double-stranded • Covalent bonds between phosphate and sugar • Two strands held together by hydrogen bonding between complimentary base pairs

  18. DNA Structure • Described as having two antiparallel strands (aligned in opposite directions)

  19. DNA Structure

  20. DNA Structure

  21. DNA Replication

  22. DNA Replication • DNA must make copies of itself to prepare for cell division

  23. DNA Replication • DNA must make copies of itself to prepare for cell division during Synthesis Phase of Interphase

  24. DNA Replication • DNA must make copies of itself to prepare for cell division during Synthesis Phase of Interphase • Occurs in nucleus

  25. DNA Replication • DNA must make copies of itself to prepare for cell division during Synthesis Phase of Interphase • Occurs in nucleus with the presence of • Enzymes (helicase and DNA polymerases)

  26. DNA Replication • DNA must make copies of itself to prepare for cell division during Synthesis Phase of mitosis • Occurs in nucleus with the presence of • Enzymes (helicase and DNA polymerases) • Free nucleotides

  27. DNA Replication Step 1: Helicase initiates the separation of double-stranded DNA into two single strands

  28. DNA Replication Step 1: Helicase initiates the separation of double-stranded DNA into two single strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

  29. DNA Replication

  30. DNA Replication Now unpaired nucleotides are a template.

  31. DNA Replication Step 2: A free-floating nucleotide finds a partner on one opened strand at one end

  32. DNA Replication Step 2: A free-floating nucleotide finds a partner on one opened strand at one end and then a second nucleotide comes in and joins the first, etc.

  33. DNA Replication Step 2: A free-floating nucleotide finds a partner on one opened strand at one end and then a second nucleotide comes in and joins the first, etc. DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond between the two nucleotides.

  34. DNA Replication

  35. DNA Replication Step 3: Other DNA polymerases proofread each nucleotide against the template and make corrections if needed.

  36. DNA Replication Step 3: Other DNA polymerases proofread each nucleotide against the template and make corrections if needed. Before proofreading error rate: 1 in 100,000 After proofreading error rate: 1 in 10,000,000,000 (ten billion)

  37. DNA Replication • New strands are identical to one another… why?

  38. DNA Replication • New strands are identical to one another because of complementary base pairing

  39. DNA Replication • Described as a “semiconservative” process

  40. DNA Replication • Described as a “semiconservative” process because DNA after replication consists of one “old” and one “new” strand.

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