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Chapter 1

EE314 Microprocessor Systems. Chapter 1. Microprocessor-based systems. Based on "An Introduction to the Intel Family of Microprocessors" by James L. Antonakos. 1.1 Introduction. Examples of devices using microprocessors (  P). Pocket calculators Digital watches Automatic tellers

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Chapter 1

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  1. EE314Microprocessor Systems Chapter 1 Microprocessor-based systems Based on "An Introduction to the Intel Family of Microprocessors" by James L. Antonakos

  2. 1.1 Introduction Examples of devices using microprocessors (P) • Pocket calculators • Digital watches • Automatic tellers • Smart telephones • Compact disk players • Home security devices • Realistic video games • Toys • VCRs • Personal computers

  3. 1.2 Evolution of Microprocessors Computers “generations” • First generation ENIAC (vacuum tubes) • Second generation (transistors) • Third generation (IC - SSI, MSI) • Fourth generation (LSI) • Fifth generation can think? • Microprocessors • MSI Intel® 4004™, 8008™ • LSI Intel® 8080™, Zilog® Z80™, Motorola® 6800™ • 8 bit data bus, 16 bit address bus (64kbyte=65536 byte of • addressable memory), no multiply and divide instructions • VLSI 32…64 bit data bus, 2-300MHz clock, RISC concept

  4. Timing CPU Memory System bus (data, address & control signals) Serial I/O Parallel I/O Interrupt circuitry • ROM (Read Only Memory) • (start-up program) • RAM (Random Access Memory) • DRAM (Dynamic RAM) - high capacity, refresh needed • SRAM (Static RAM) - low power, fast, easy to interface 1.3 System block diagram • Crystal oscillator • Timing circuitry • (counters dividing to lower frequencies) P + associated logic circuitry: • Bus controller • Bus drivers • Coprocessor Many wires, fast. Simple (only two wires + ground) but slow. At external unexpected events, P has to interrupt the main program execution, service the interrupt request (obviously a short subroutine) and retake the main program from the point where it was interrupt. • Printer (high resolution) • External memory • Floppy Disk • Hard Disk • Compact Disk • Other high speed devices • Printer (low resolution) • Modem • Operator’s console • Mainframe • Personal computer

  5. System bus (data, address & control signals) Speaker 1.6 The Personal Computer Processor (8086 trough Pentium Coprocessor (8087 trough 80387 Timer logic (8253) System ROM 640KB DRAM Keyboard logic (8253) DMA Controller (8237) Expansion logic Interrupt logic (8259) Video card Disk controller Serial port Keyboard ... Extension slots

  6. ;NUMOFF.ASM: Turn NUM-LOCK indicator off. ; .MODEL SMALL .STACK .CODE .STARTUP MOV AX,40H ;set AX to 0040H MOV DS,AX ;load data segment with 0040H MOV SI,17H ;load SI with 0017H AND BYTE PTR [SI],0DFH ;clear NUM-LOCK bit .EXIT END 1.7 Developing software for the personal computer .ASM file All characters following a “;” till the line end are “comments”, ignored by the assembler Assembler reserved words Assembly language instructions

  7. ;NUMOFF.ASM: Turn NUM-LOCK indicator off. ; .MODEL SMALL .STACK .CODE .STARTUP MOV AX,40H ;set AX to 0040H MOV DS,AX ;load data segment with 0040H MOV SI,17H ;load SI with 0017H AND BYTE PTR [SI],0DFH ;clear NUM-LOCK bit .EXIT END 1.7 Developing software for the personal computer .ASM file Register pair (16 bit) (destination of “MOV”) Hexadecimal value to be loaded (source for “MOV”) Prepare the Data Segment Data Segment register pair Source Index The complete address of the byte containing NumLockbit is specified. Second operand for logical “AND”(immediate hexadecimal value) ANDing with DFH=1101.1111B, only b5 (bit 5) of specified memory location is affected (reset to 0) First operand and destination for logical “AND” Memory address specified by DS and SI together.

  8. ;NUMOFF.ASM: Turn NUM-LOCK indicator off. ; .MODEL SMALL .STACK 0000 .CODE .STARTUP 0017 B8 0040 MOV AX,40H ;set AX to 0040H 001A 8E D8 MOV DS,AX ;load data segment with 0040H 001C BE 0017 MOV SI,17H ;load SI with 0017H 001F 80 24 DF AND BYTE PTR [SI],0DFH ;clear NUM-LOCK bit .EXIT END 1.7 Developing software for the personal computer .LST file Memory location addresses Machine language codes generated by the assembler

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