Warm Up

1. Warm Up • How did the solar nebula form? • Which body in the solar system exerts the greatest gravitational attraction? • Why do all the planets travel around the sun in the same direction, and why do the planets lie on a fairly flat plane? • When does a nebula become stable?

2. Terms • Year- time that a planet takes to go around the sun once • Revolution – body orbiting another body in space • Period of Revolution – time that an object takes to revolve around the sun once • Prograde Rotation – spin in the counter clockwise direction • Retrograde Rotation- spin in a clockwise direction

3. The Inner Planets

4. Inner planets • The 4 inner planets in order from the sun—Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars • They are more similar to each other than they are to the four outer planets. • The four inner planets are small and have rocky surfaces. • These planets are often called the “terrestrial” planets. • Terrestrial means “relating to Earth”

6. Inner planets

7. Mercury

8. Mercury • Closest planet to the sun. • Not much larger than Earth's moon. • Has no moons of its own. • So close to the sun so it’s hard to get a good view of it. • Many craters on its surface.

9. Mercury • Has an extremely thin atmosphere. • Planet of extremes. • It’s so close to the sun that during the day, the temperatures can reach up to 430°C. (806F) • It has almost no atmosphere so at night all the heat escapes into space dropping the temperature to −170°C. (-274F) • Greatest range of temperatures than any other planet.

10. Mercury • Atmospheric components • Mercury is the smallest and least massive of the eight planets. Its low surface gravity makes holding on to an atmosphere in the best of circumstances a challenge. •  Orbiting only a few million miles from the sun, the rocky planet is constantly bombarded by solar weather. The fast-moving winds blowing off the star constantly bombard Mercury, crashing charged particles into the planet's surface. 

11. Venus

12. Venus • Similar in size to Earth. • Density and internal structure of Venus are similar to Earth's. • However, in many other ways, Venus is very different from Earth.

13. Venus's Atmosphere • Pressure of Venus's atmosphere is 90 times greater than the pressure of Earth's atmosphere. • A pressure than would instantly crush a human • Could not breathe on Venus because its atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. • Clouds are partly made of sulfuric acid.

14. The Surface of Venus • Covered with rock, similar to many rocky areas on Earth. • Has volcanoes with lava flows, many craters, and strange domes not found on other planets.

15. Venus • Venus’s atmosphere is very thick. It is always cloudy on Venus. • Venus has the hottest surface of any planet. Venus’s atmosphere traps the sun’s heat. The trapping of heat by the atmosphere is called the greenhouse effect.

16. Venus Venus is considered Earth's twin sister because of the similar size. It rotates in the opposite direction of Earth. It has a very thick atmosphere. It is made up of 98% Carbon dioxide. Venus has a thick cloud layer that reflects the sunlight Solar Distance Venus is 108,200,000 km from the sun. ·        Revolution Period 224.7 days ·        Rotation Period -5832.5 hours ·        Equatorial Diameter 12,104 km ·        Gravitational Pull .89 of Earth's gravity ·        Satellites None

17. Venus • Rotates from east to west, the opposite direction from most other planets and moons. • This type of rotation is called retrograde rotation.

18. Earth • Earth is unique in our solar system in having liquid water at its surface. • Earth has three main layers. The surface layer is the crust. Below the crust is the mantle. At Earth’s center is the core.

19. Earth • Most of Earth’s surface—about 70 percent—is covered with water. Earth is the only planet with liquid water on its surface. • Earth’s gravity holds onto most gases. The gases around Earth make up Earth’s atmosphere.

20. Crust mantle Core

21. Earth Earth's atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and less than 1% Carbon dioxide, argon and methane. The reflection of the ocean causes the sky to be blue. Earth is the only planet that contains vegetation and signs of life. 75% of Earth is covered with water. Planet Facts: ·        Solar Distance Earth is 149,600,000 km from the Sun. ·        Revolution Period 365.2 5days ·        Rotation Period 23.9 hours ·        Equatorial Diameter 12,756 ·        Gravitational Pull .98 (your current weight) ·        Satellites The Moon

22. Earth

23. Mars

24. Mars • Atmosphere of Mars is mostly carbon dioxide. • Has only 1 percent the pressure of Earth's atmosphere. • Astronomers have found that some water remains on Mars in the form of ice at its north pole. • Mars' south pole has an ice cap made mostly of frozen carbon dioxide.

25. Mars   • Most studies planet in the solar system other than Earth • Due to thinner atmosphere and distance from the sun, Mars is a cold planet • Temperature ranges from • -13C to -77C • Atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide

26. Exploring Mars   • Axis is tilted so Mars has seasons just as Earth does. • Barren and covered with craters like the moon. • Regions of Mars have giant volcanoes. • No oceans or puddles of water exist. • Photographs taken from space do show evidence that water flowed on Mars millions of years ago.

27. Mars is a rocky planet. It's atmosphere is 95% Carbon dioxide. The temperature is too cold for water to exist. There are two poles on Mars. Both of them are a thin layer of ice. There is a large amount of iron giving the planet a reddish color. Mars Planet Facts: ·        Solar Distance Mars is 227,940,000 km from the Sun. ·        Revolution Period 687 days ·        Rotation Period 24.6 hours ·        Equatorial Diameter 6794 km ·        Gravitational Pull .37 of Earth's gravity ·        Satellites Mars has 2 satellites and they are Phobos and Deimos Olympus Mons is about 600 km in diameter and the summit caldera is 24 km above the surrounding plains.

28. Mars's Moons • Mars has two very small moons. • Phobos and Deimos.

29. Warm Up • Which inner planet has the greatest temperature range? • Which is the hottest planet and why? • Describe Venus’s atmosphere. • What are two factors that make life suitable for life on Earth? • What is the second most studied planet in our solar system?

30. The Outer Planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

31. Jupiter Largest planet in our solar system. It has a radius almost 11 times the size of Earth. 53 known moons and 26 waiting to be confirmed, according to NASA.

32. Jupiter • The planet is mostly made of hydrogen and helium surrounding a dense core of rocks and ice, with most of its bulk likely made up of liquid metallic hydrogen, which creates a huge magnetic field. -

33. Jupiter • Great Red Spot -Hurricane-like storm, fueled by heat inside of Jupiter • Largest planets in our solar system • Discovered by Galileo nearly 400 years ago • Jupiter is made mainly of hydrogen

34. Saturn • Saturn is about nine times Earth's radius and is characterized by large rings • It has 53 known moons and nine more awaiting confirmation, according to NASA.

35. Saturn • Like Jupiter, it is mostly made up of hydrogen and helium that surround a dense core

36. Second largest planet in our solar system Least dense planet – 0.69g/cm3 – less dense than water (1.0 g/cm3) Atmosphere consists of hydrogen, helium, traces of other gases and water Large, broad rings Saturn

37. Made of countless small chunks of ice and rock 250,000 km in diameter (greater than the distance between Earth and the moon) Less than 1 km thick Trillions of particles of water ices and dust make up the rings Saturn’s Rings

38. Uranus • Uranus has a radius about four times that of Earth's • The planet has 27 moons • Like the other gas giants, Uranus lacks a solid, well-defined surface. • Composition differs somewhat from Jupiter and Saturn in that it is made up of more ice than gas • Mostly comprised of water, methane, and ammonia ice.

39. Third largest planet in our solar system Blue-green color from methane in its atmosphere Atmosphere also consists of hydrogen and helium Made mostly of rock and ice Uranus

40. Axis tilted 98° from its orbit Half of a Uranian year, one pole points toward the sun while the other is in darkness Uranus’ Axis

41. Neptupe • Radius about four times that of Earth's. • Like Uranus, its atmosphere is mostly made up of hydrogen, helium and methane • 14 confirmed moons

42. Irregularities in the orbit of Uranus suggested that another planet must lie beyond Uranus Discovered at its predicted position (1846) Fourth largest in our solar system Almost the same size and Uranus Composes of rock and ice Neptune

43. Blue color from methane Atmosphere also consists of hydrogen and helium Fastest winds of any planet in the solar system- 1000km/hr The Great Dark Spot In southern hemisphere Storm the size of Earth Speed is approximately 300 m/s Moved to northern hemisphere in 1994 Neptune

44. The S.S. Family Portrait