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DNA

DNA. DNA Packaging Inside Nucleus. Nucleosome. Supercoil. Protein Scaffold. Chromosome. GENETIC CODE. Initiation Codon. Termination Codons. U. C. A. G. U. UUU. Phe. UCU. Ser. UAU. Tyr. UGU. Cys. UUC. Phe. UCC. Ser. UAC. Tyr. UAA. AUG. UGC. UGA. UGA. Cys. UUA.

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DNA

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  1. DNA

  2. DNA Packaging Inside Nucleus Nucleosome Supercoil Protein Scaffold Chromosome

  3. GENETIC CODE Initiation Codon Termination Codons U C A G U UUU Phe UCU Ser UAU Tyr UGU Cys UUC Phe UCC Ser UAC Tyr UAA AUG UGC UGA UGA Cys UUA Leu UCA Ser UAA UGA UUG Leu UCG Ser UAG UGG Trp C CUU Leu CCU Pro CAU His CGU Arg CUC Leu CCC Pro CAC His CGC Arg CUA Leu CCA Pro CAA Gln CGA Arg CUG Leu CCG Pro CAG Gln CGG Arg A AUU Ile ACU Thr AAU Asn AGU Ser AUC Ile ACC Thr AAC Asn AGC Ser AUA Ile ACA Thr AAA Lys AGA Arg AUG Met ACG Thr AAG Lys AGG Arg G GUU Val GCU Ala GAU Asp GGU Gly GUC Val GCC Ala GAC Asp GGC Gly GUA Val GCA Ala GAA Glu GGA Gly GUG Val GCG Ala GAG Glu GGG Gly First Base in Codon Third Base in Codon

  4. CELL MEMBRANE • Controlling what goes in and out of the cell. • Anchoring of the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell • Attaching to the extracellular matrix to help group cells together in the formation of tissues • Transportation of particles by way of ion pumps, ion channels, and carrier proteins • Containing receptors that allow chemical messages to pass between cells and systems • Participation in enzyme activity important in such things as metabolism and immunity

  5. CELL MEMBRANE The cell mem consists of three classes of amphipathic lipids: PHOSPOLIPIDS, GLYCOLIPIDS, STEROIDS Membrane is held together via weak non-covalent interaction of hydrophobic tails Structure is fluid and not fixed rigidly in place. Phospholipid molecules are “fluid”: free to diffuse and exhibit rapid lateral diffusion along the layer they are present in.

  6. The FATTY ACID chains in phospholipids and glycolipids usually contain an even number of carbon atoms, typically between 14 and 24. The 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids are the most common. In animal cells, cholesterol is found dispersed in varying degrees throughout cell membranes, where it confers a stiffening and strengthening effect on the membrane. It resides in the irregular spaces between the hydrophobic tails of the membrane lipids. polar, hydrophilic heads | | 7nm | | hydrophobic tails

  7. SELECTIVE TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES ACROSS MEMBRANE Nutrients: inWaste: out Gate Keepers: Transmembrane PROTEINS Create: ion channels, proton pumps, etc. Extremely important to cell: e.g. a third of the genes in yeast code specifically for them Again: chicken and egg Need DNA to code for membrane proteins but Need membrane proteins to create selective membrane to allow cell to exist.

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