Evolution of Warfare

1. Evolution of Warfare Pax Romana Major Joel Turk MOI

2. You should have read…. • Preston and Wise, Men in Arms, pp. 39 - 49

3. Learning Objectives • Know and identify the changes made in the Roman military organization after the Third Punic War and the causes of these changes • Know and describe the civil wars between Caesar and Pompey, with emphasis on the reasons for Caesar’s success militarily • Comprehend and explain the power struggle after the death of Caesar, with emphasis on the Battle of Actium • Know and recall the key changes in the Roman military system from Actium to Adrianople and the causes of these changes • Comprehend and explain the concept of Pax Romana

4. Map of Area

5. The Rise of the Roman Empire 217 – 61 B.C. • Asia Syra, Upper Asia,Thrace, Macedonia and Egypt • 1st Macedonian War 217-205 B.C. • Thrace and Syra gone • 2nd Macedonian War 197 B. C. • Cynoseyoehlae End of Mac in Greece • Did not add a square foot for Rome. They were occupied with N Italy and Spain.

6. The Rise of the Roman Empire 217 – 61 B.C. • Third Macedonian War • Pydna – the fall of the cavalry* • Perseus for Macedonia was on the defense and doing well. • Repulsed three attacks • Lucius Paullis and Nasica • Rome defeated Macedonia for good • Abolished Macedonia • Rome became a world power

7. Battle for Power • Metellus – defended and advanced well to continue to build up Rome • 1st Sevile War Slaves against masters • Eunus and Achaeus • Supressed by Repilius • Caius Marius led and ended the war • Defeated the Cimbri in N. Italy • Social War 90-88 B.C • Pompey - Conquered the Med for Rome • Opposed Cato • Cato – Counsel leader who opposed • Crassus – Counsel leader who opposed Cato

8. Post Third Punic War Legion Reorganization • Rich Avoided Service • Voluntary enlistment replaced compulsory about 104 B.C. • Even slaves, criminals, and aliens could serve • 1 for 1 Legion declined • Triarii, Principes and Hostati abolished in favor of “Light” and “Heavy” troops

9. Post Third Punic War Legion Reorganization • Enlistments and Loyalty • Enlistments now only for 16 years, and soldiers swore loyalty to General, not Rome • Proconsuls (governors of territories) gained power. Head of Army less answerable to senate.

10. Post Third Punic War Legion Reorganization • Marian Legion • Quality of Legionnaire decreased • Consul Caius Marius made the cohort his major tactical unit (vice the maniple). • Interval between cohorts decreased, resembling a phalanx • Ten Cohorts still made a Legion

11. Marian Legion

12. Post Third Punic War Legion Reorganization • Julius Caesar • Age 40, set out to learn “art of war” • 61 - 60 B.C. - procunsul of Spain, suppressed barbarian uprisings • 60 B.C. - formed 1st Triumvirate W/Pompey and Crassus • 58 B.C. - Triumvirate appointed Caesar procunsul of Gaul • By 51 B.C. - expanded Roman power in Gaul, quelled all revolts

13. Post Third Punic War Legion Reorganization • Caesar’s Legion • Preceded by a Vanguard of cavalry and heavy foot • Increased engineers, artillery and cavalry • Main body plus baggage in center • Rear guard disposed for immediate action • Light infantry flank guards • Quick firing engine, bombardments of projectiles • Each Cohort had a catapult and every century had a carroballista

14. Rise of Julius Caesar • The civil War • Crassus was killed in battle - 53 B.C. • Battle of Carrhae – worst defeat since Cannae • Pompey, jealous of Caesar, had Senate pass law taking away Caesar’s political & Military power in March of 49 B.C. • Caesar then “Crossed the Rubicon” in Dec of 50 or Jan of 49 B.C. • Act of War (By law needed senate consent to cross Rubicon (Italy north border) w/forces) • Caesar had previously only fought barbarians, now he would fight Roman legions

15. Rise of Julius Caesar • Popular sympathy was with Caesar • Pompey & Senate fled to Epitus (West coast of modern Greece) • Caesar was in Rome in less than two months, master of all Italy • It took Caesar 5 years to defeat Pompey and his supporters

16. Ilerda Campaign • Caesar – land dominance • Pompey – naval dominance • Caesar between Spain and Italy • Interior lines • Caesar turned against Spain and Pompey fled to Greece • Pompey’s General’s fortified their camp • Supplies/bridge and foraging • Caesar build fort but it was washed away • Finally built a bridge and took the offense

17. Rise of Julius Caesar • Ilerda Campaign • Initially two unsuccessful frontal assaults on Ilerda • Followed by harassment, marches, countermarches, cutting off supplies • Forces enemy into weak defensive position, then refused battle • Pursued and harassed enemy continually cutting off supplies • Again refused battle

18. Battle map

19. Rise of Julius Caesar • Ilerda Campaign • Made rapid countermarch to cut off enemy from retreat into Ebro defiles • Another rapid countermarch cuts off faltering enemy from obtaining water at Sigoris • Cuts off foes from their last resort of regaining the fortified camp at Ilerda

20. Rise of Julius Caesar • Ilerda Campaign • Gained unconditional surrender • Gained respect by sparing Romans from slaughter and for his expert generalship • Offered 70,000 prisoners liberty and safe escort to Rome if they immediately enlisted in his ranks • Ruled Rome for 11 days, resigned and sent out after Pompey.

21. Rise of Julius Caesar • Dyrrhachium • 49 B.C. - Caesar had 12 legions @ Brundisium to seed out Pompey • Sailed for Greece • Ships were scarce, only 7 legions initially (violated principle of mass?) • Pompey controlled sea • Midwinter - Pompey less vigilant (surprise?) • Avoided Hostile Fleet, landed @ Palaeste • Ships returned for Mark Anthony & 20,000 men of his army

22. Battle Map

23. Battle Map

24. Rise of Julius Caesar • Apsus River • Caesar & Pompey made contact • Pompey superior #’s, but inferior Quality • Neither wanted to take offensive • Caesar - waiting for Anthony • Pompey hoped his fleet would block Anthony, forcing Caesar to yield • Anthony landed north of Dyrrhachium • Pompey failed at preventing join-up • Pompey fell back to Dyrrhachium

25. Rise of Julius Caesar • Apsus River • Caesar sent three legions for supplies and decided to contain Pompey • Both generals built lines (embankments) facing each other • Caesar couldn’t totally blockade (Pompey controlled sea) • Pompey broke out along coast, then pursued Caesar for three days • Had Pompey pursued harder, history may have been different

26. Rise of Julius Caesar • Pharsalus • Caesar regrouped in Thessaly with about 30,000 infantry & 1,000 cavalry • Met Pompey with disadvantage in #’s (1:2 infantry, 1:3 or 4 cavalry) on plains of Pharsalus • Pompey’s plan: • Secure his right flank along Enipeus River • Use superior cavalry to flank Caesar on his right, sweep around and attack his rear

27. Rise of Julius Caesar • Pharsalus • Caesar grasped pompeys plan • Brought up cavalry to face Pompey’s cavalry • Took 3rd line from Infantry and formed 4th line behind Cavalry (decisive point) • Pompey left initiative • Caesar launched counter attack • Pompey met with Cavalry, Archers, Slingers • Caesar had 4th line attack • 4th line attacked with such vigor Pompey’s cavalry retreated

28. Rise of Julius Caesar • Pharsalus • Infantry now fully engaged • Caesar flanked Pompey on his left with 4th line • Caesar ordered 3rd Line (reserves) into fight (timely use of reserves) • Pompey fled and his forces surrendered in the hills after being surrounded • Caesar’s Losses: 1200 • Pompey’s Losses: 6000

29. Battle Map

30. Battle Map

31. Rise of Julius Caesar • Caesar chased Pompey to Egypt where Pompey was assassinated. • Caesar fought Cleopatra until 47 B.C. • Veni, Vidi, Vici Campaign through Syria • Ruspina46 B.C. (Sicily): Surrounded but was victorious • Munda (Spain) he defeated Labienus and ended the 2nd Civil War. • 5 ½ years, seven campaigns

32. Rise of Julius Caesar • Caesar assassinated 15 march, 44 B.C. • Realist with profound common sense • Lightning like decisions • Brain and soul of his army • Concern for the Soldiers • Disciplined and relaxed when needed • Boldness • Understood both political and military

33. The Aftermath of the Assassination • Anthony against the State of Rome. • Octavianus-Octavian • Started to build armies against each other • Octavian wanted Brutus and Cassius dead then Anthony. • Marched on Rome and became Counsel • Prosecution of assassins of Caeser • Went to side with Anthony • Triumvirate: Anthony Gaul; Octavian Sicily, Sardinia and Africa, Lepidus Spain • Cassius and Brutus active in Syria/Macedonia

34. Octavian and Anthony N. Mt. Dionysus Brutus Phillipi Cassius Zygactes River Beri Ketli Aegaen Sea

35. Battle of Phillipi 42 B.C. • Cassius and Brutus set up near Philipi • Anthony and Octavian moved in and opposed them. • 19 Legions on each side • 20,000 Cavalry against 13,000 cavalry • Anthony’s infantry were better trained • Two Battles • Octavian was sick and not at the 1st Battle • A&O wanted battle and B&C did not

36. Battle of Phillipi 42 B.C. • Anthony’s Plan • Deceive B&C with standards and forces facing them everyday while the rest of his forces moved through the marsh, cutting a passage and building a causeway. • Use that to flank the enemy and cut off their supplies from the Aegaen Sea • Went on for 10 days • Cassius’ forces discover Anthony’s work • Anthony was forces into action

37. Battle of Phillipi 42 B.C. • Anthonyfaced part of his army to the North and attacked on both fronts • Brutus’ men attacked and took Anthony’s left flank, rolled it up and attacked Octavian’s forces • Anthony’s northern attack was successful and captured Cassius’ fortification and then his camp. • Cassius’ men broke on flight and Cassius committed suicide, he did not know that Brutus was successful.

38. Battle of Phillipi 42 B.C. • Cassius: 8000 dead • Anthony 16000 • Anthony had the advantage since Cassius was dead and Brutus was left by himself. Brutus was less of a military leader then Cassius • Brutus continued to stick to the original plan of trying to starve Anthony’s army off the battlefield • Anthony promised his troops money from the pillage of the enemy’s camp • At the same time as the first battle Anthony’s fleet was all but destroyed. • Anthony needed to defeat Brutus now!

39. Battle of Phillipi 42 B.C. • Octavian took a small hill south of Cassius’ camp. • Anthony pushed 10 legions out to the SE while 4 remained on the hill, 2 more joined the battle. • Anthony left his camp open to Brutus but he stayed on the passive defense. • Anthony’s forces were short on supplies and he had to force Brutus into battle • He was successful due to psychological warfare. • Great speeches by both men to encourage their men to fight. • 3 P.M. the battle opened

40. Battle of Phillipi 42 B.C. • Anthony charged first • Hand to Hand fight • Anthony’s forces slowly forces back Brutus’ and eventually routed them • Octavian blocked Brutus’ camp • Brutus fled

41. Results of the Battle • Octavian went to Italy to consolidate his position in the West • Anthony went to Eqypt • Cleopatra • Empire divided in two • Anthony refuted his first wife Octavia and proclaimed Cleopatra “Queen of Queens” • Octavian convinced the Senate to oppose Anthony because of his marriage to Cleopatra and a propaganda war was waged against her.

42. Battle Map

43. The Battle of Actium • Anthony and Cleopatra had ~400 ships • Octavian also had ~400 ships • Tactical differences as sea • Anthony’s use of weather • The wind • Alternate plan • Sails

44. Battle Map

45. Roman Ship

46. Battle Map

47. Weapons

48. The Battle of Actium (Cont) • Deserters informed Octavian • Anthony’s Fleet sailed out • Agrippa formed up seaward and waited for the wind also • Separation of the Squadrons • Anthony’s defeat • Anthony fled • Anthony’s army ashore refused to march

49. Pax Romana • The period from Caesar Augustus (27 B.C.) to the battle of Adrianople (378 A.D.) • The Empire • Internally Pacified • Secure Frontiers

50. AUGUSTUS (Instituted SeveralChanges) • In 13 B.C. he reduced the army of the Roman Empire to 25 Legions (about 300,000 soldiers) • In 6 A.D. he established a permanent retirement fund • Encouraged retired soldiers to settle in the provinces near their former legion • 20 year enlistments