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Evolution of Warfare

Evolution of Warfare. The American Civil War, Part 2 Major Joel B. Turk MOI. Reading Assignment. Preston and Wise, Men in Arms, pp. 247 - 258. Learning Objectives. Know the significance of the first battle of Bull Run to the North and South

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Evolution of Warfare

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  1. Evolution of Warfare The American Civil War, Part 2 Major Joel B. Turk MOI

  2. Reading Assignment • Preston and Wise, Men in Arms, pp. 247 - 258

  3. Learning Objectives • Know the significance of the first battle of Bull Run to the North and South • Know the significance of the Peninsular Campaign to the North’s strategy • Comprehend and compare the initial invasions conducted by the North and South • Comprehend and interpret Lee’s significance as a Great Captain

  4. Chronological Order • Fort Sumter: 0430 April 12 1861 • Bull Run 21 July 1861: “On To Richmond” • Jackson’s Valley Campaign (Prevent McDowell from joining McClellan • Front Royal • Winchester • West Ft Donelson • Shiloh Church-Pittsburg Landing • Most uncontrolled battle of the war • Johnston attacked and was successful, Union retreated but Confederates stopped to loot. • Grant organized straggler lines

  5. Chronological Order • Shiloh (Bloddiest two days of the war) • Prentiss held the sunken road “Hornet’s nest” • Defended against 12 attacks • Surrendered at 1730 that night • South lost opportunity to turn Grant’s flank at Pittsburg landing and to cut him off from reinforcements • Battle ended for the night • Next morning Union reinforcements arrived • By noon the Confederates were exhausted • Beauregard retreated to Corinth • Grant let him go, Union Army was worn out

  6. Chronological Order • East Penisular Campaign • Williamsberg – South delaying action • Yorktown • Monitor v Merrimack • Drewery Bluffs • Fair Oaks/Seven Pines (Johnston died and Lee took command • Mechanisville • Gaine’s Mill caused the Union withdraw • Frayser’s Farm – Jackson disappointed Lee • Malvern Hill – great Union Artillery victory

  7. Chronological Order • 2nd Bull Run/Manasas Aug 1862 • Pope/MacClellan • Antietam • Fredericksburg • Marye’s Heights and sunken road • Stones River in the West • Murfreesboro • Chickasaw Bluff • Vicksburg Campaign(began in April and ended in July (1863)

  8. Chronological Order • Chancellorsville (Jackson Dies) • Fredericksburg • Brandy Station (Cavalry Battle) • Gettysburg • Fall of Vicksburg • Chickamunga • Chattanooga • Lookout Mountain (Nov 1863: Grant)

  9. Chronological Order • March 1864 Grant to Command the Union Armies • Grant v Lee and Sherman v Johnston • Wilderness Campaign (Hood’s arrival saved the army) • Put Lee on the defense • Spotsylvania Courthouse • Most vicious battle on American soil • The bloody angle • JEB Stuart dies • New Market (VMI)

  10. Chronological Order • Cold Harbor (June 1864) • Petersberg (defeat then siege) • Battle of the Crater • West: Sherman driving Johnston into Georgia • Red River Campaign • Sabine Crossroads • Mobile Bay – Ft Morgan

  11. Chronological Order • July 1864: Johnston relieved replaced by John B. Hood • Atlanta: September 2, 1864 • Shenandoah Valley “Scorched Earth” by Sheridan • Winchester “Sheridan’s counter-attack and charge” • Hood to Tennessee, Sherman ignored him and headed to Savannah “March to the Sea” • Franklin, Tennessee

  12. Chronological Order • Nashville • Savannah • Fort Fisher, Jan 1865 • Ft Stedman, March 1865 • Dinwiddle Court House • Sheridan: Soldier shot in the neck and dying “Your not hurt a bit, Pick up your gun and move right in” Man got up and then died. • April 12, Petersberg • Sailor’s Creek

  13. Chronological Order • E. O. C. Ord captured the Confederates trains at Appomattox Station on April 8th. • April 9, 1865 • Mclean House

  14. Northern Attempts at Richmond (1861 - 1862) • General Scott’s Original Plan • offensive down Mississippi • overcome by circumstances (proximity of capitals and armies brought battle to Virginia) • Richmond - considered CSA center of gravity • If Richmond fell - South would lose Iron Works • Lincoln’s problem - 3-Month enlistment's running out - Lincoln ordered attack ready or not

  15. First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861 • Only Gen Scott had commanded > 5000 troops • Public and political pressure demanded action despite lack of training • “On to Richmond” so that the Rebel Congress could not meet there on 20 July.

  16. The Campaign • 16 July - Gen McDowell ordered 35,000 S. toward Richmond via Manassas Junction • Beauregard - 20,000 CSA troops @ Manassas • Johnston - 12,000 Rebels 40 miles away • Patterson - 18,000 Feds sent to block Johnson • Patterson tricked into defensive, Johnson escaped • McDowell arrived 18th, attacked 21st • Gave time for Johnson to link up w/Beauregard • McDowell’s plan was too complicated

  17. The Battle • Union attacked the Confederate (Evans) Left and began rolling it back • Beauregard moved to the sound of the battle with Johnston • Bee, Bartow rushed to form on the right of Evans and were driven back • Sherman hit their right hard and they fell back to Henry House Hill where Thomas Jackson was “Stone Wall”

  18. The Battle cont • JEB Stuart’s cavalry drove back the right of the Union infantry • Confederates in Blue drove back the Marines • Union took back the lost position • Early arrived for South with reserve • Beauregard pressed the Union right and the Feds fell in a route

  19. Analysis • False sense of security developed by CSA • The victory impressed Europe where the CSA was looking for aid • It woke up the Union • Reality of long war • Fear of attack on Washington • 22 July - McClellan put in charge of new army composed of long-term volunteers • Ended the era of romantic war

  20. The Battle in the West • Union – Fremont proclaimed Martial Law in MO and was relieved by Lincoln and replaced by Halleck. • August 1861 – Wilson’s Creek and in Sept took Columbus KY and ended KY neutrality • Confederacy - Johnston • Two Union Forces: Buell in Ohio and Halleck in St Louis • Buell broke the right first at Mill Springs, KY • Grant moved on the left and eventually took Paducah

  21. The Battle in the West • Feb 1862 Union defeated Ft Henry and Ft Donelson • Grant became a hero • Shiloh

  22. McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign • 1862 - North focus on Richmond vice destroying CSA Army • Precise methods differed • Lincoln favored overland (Army between Washington and Richmond) • McClellan favored a waterborne move (envelopment) • Johnston withdrew to Fredericksburg • 1/2 way between capitals • Astride McClellan’s prospective route of advance

  23. McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign • McClellan’s plan had promise • Utilized federal control of the seas • Useful base of operations at Ft Monroe • Fewer rivers to cross than the overland route • Union Monitor neutralized CSS Virginia on 9 March • Eliminated naval threat to SLOC • Absence of good roads on peninsula • Limited room for maneuver also a problem

  24. The Campaign • 4 April - McClellan’s slow advance on Richmond hampered by: • Jackson became active in Shenandoah Valley to draw pressure from Richmond • BGEN John Magruder • entrenched 15,000 troops • used dummy guns and feigned activity to delay McClellan

  25. The Campaign • The first engagement - Lee replaced Johnston • Lee pretended to reinforce Jackson in Shenandoah, but secretly ordered him to Richmond, increasing his strength to 87,000 vs. 110,000 U.S. • Lee defended south of Chickahominy river (28,000 CSA troops held up 75,000 U.S. troops) • Lee wheeled remaining 59,000 to attack U.S. flank • Lee pursued remaining federal forces, to Malvern Hill, where he lost 6,000 in Fed counter-attack • Lee obtained objective - Richmond saved

  26. Analysis • McClellan removed from command of Army of Potomac • North/South strategy all involved protection of capitals • McClellan • Didn’t attack vigorously • Failed to apply principle of Offensive • Failure may have been more due to genius of Lee than incompetence of McClellan

  27. Tactics • Lee - Changes in Napoleonic tactics due to technology(repeating rifles, rifled canon, fortifications of rifleman) • Lee was master of defense • Union relied on Napoleonic tactics • Columns of troops w/bayonets fixed • Heavy casualties resulted • Cavalry charges also failed against longer range rifles/canons

  28. Lee Turns North (Antietam - 17 Sep 1862) • After victory @ 2nd Bull Run, Lee attacked North with following objectives: • Luring Maryland to secede • By entering Maryland, the enemy could be drawn away from Washington • Capitalize on Union War-Weariness • Indirectly threaten Washington • Cause friendly intervention by France and England

  29. The Battle • Lee crossed the Potomac • McClellan (back in command) marched Northwest w/95,000 • The U.S. Army lucked upon Lee’s orders detailing CSA plans (lost order 191) • Nevertheless, McClellan W/70,000 followed Lee to Sharpsburg • Lee: 39,000, Potomac River to back, Antietam stream across front

  30. The Battle • Outnumbered, Lee’s men held off McClellan’s charges • Shorter interior lines of communication • By late afternoon Lee in danger of collapse • Timely arrival of A. P. Hill with reinforcements from Harper’s Ferry ended fighting • Burnside’s Bridge • Loses: Lee 13,700 Union 12,350 • Bloodiest single day in the war

  31. Analysis - McClellan • McClellan removed from command again • Waited too long to attack • Hesitated before committing more troops when Lee’s lines grew thin • Allowed the Confederates to Escape back to Virginia next morning instead of routing Lee

  32. Analysis - McClellan • While not a complete Union victory, Antietam had 2 far-reaching effects: • Caused Britain & France to postpone decision on intervention • Called forth the Emancipation Proclamation

  33. Burnside’s Fredericksburg Campaign • In Fall of 1862 - Fredericksburg astride new Union march on Richmond • 7 November - Burnside placed in command of Army of Potomac • One week later - proposed march through Fredericksburg to Richmond • 17 November - began arriving in Falmouth, across river from Fredericksburg • Pontoon bridging arrived late

  34. The Battle • 11 Dec - ready to cross river - delay gave Lee time to build up force • 14 successive Union Charges melted away under the Confederate Fire • Along the entire line, 12,500 Yankees killed or wounded, 5,300 Confederate losses • Burnside withdrew across the river on the 15th

  35. Analysis • Burnside failed to scout the Confederates positions properly • Could have occupied Fredericksburg early • Didn’t want to strand holding force if rain prevented crossing of main body • An infantry frontal assault on a strongly held and fortified position is fool hardy • A geographical objective (in “vogue” at time) • Telegraph first saw extensive battlefield use

  36. Analysis • Burnside blamed subordinates • Demanded President dismiss him or his subordinated • Lincoln dismissed him • Appointed “Fighting Joe” Hooker to command

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