Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 The Nation’s Beginnings Prehistory- 1824

2. Section 1Many Cultures Meet • Europeans crossed the Atlantic in 1492 • Began to explore the Americas • The arrival of the European settlers brought about the changes for the Native Americans • The Europeans also brought with them the enslaved Africans

3. American Indians • Scientists believed that the first inhabitants of the Americas migrated from the northeast coast of Asia • Some scientists believed that they crossed a land bridge across the Bering Strait • Some scientists still suggest that they traveled by boat

5. The Native Americans expanded and adapted to the climates • There were over 375 languages in 1492 • Most cultures had clans- extended family groups • Indians learned how to cultivate crops-this led to an increased population • Hunting, gathering, fishing were also very important

6. Europeans • Between the 14th & 16th centuries they had great advances in science, economics, politics & art • This was called the Renaissance period • This led to voyages all over the world and the discovery of the Americas

7. West Africans • Portuguese reached West Africa • They were interested in buying enslaved Africans • They did not create the slave trade, but expanded it • The plantations in the Americans were in demand of workers • Over the next 300 years Portugal, Spain, Britain and other European nations participated in the slave trade

9. Middle Passage- the forced transport of enslaved Africans from West Africa to the Americas.

10. America • In 1492, the Spanish funded a voyage for Christopher Columbus (Italian mariner) • Instead of reaching East Asia, he found the Americas • He explored the Caribbean • Converting Indians to Christianity • Enslaving the Indians

11. Conquistadors-Spanish conqueror • Conquering parts of the Americas, Caribbean, Central and South America • Many Indians were being exposed to disease and dying by the thousands • Europeans also introduces pigs, horses, mules, sheep and cattle to the new land • Columbian Exchange- the global exchange of goods and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

12. Section 2 The American Revolution • England establishes the 13 colonies • Jamestown, Virginia was the first settlement in 1607 • Enduring new diseases, starvation and fighting with the Indians • House of Burgesses- governed the colony by a royal governor that was appointed by the King • First colonists were known as the “Puritans” • Mayflower Compact- framework for self-government

14. Democratic Ideals in the American Colonies • English settlers brought democracy • Magna Carta- signed by King John in 1215, limited the power of the English monarch. Protects the right of people to own private property and guarantee the right to trial by jury • English Bill of Rights- signed by King William & Queen Mary in 1688. Listed freedoms that the government promised to protect

15. Enlightenment- 18th century movement during which European philosophers believed that society’s problems could be solved by reason and science • Great Awakening- religious movement in the English colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, which was heavily inspired by evangelical preachers • The Enlightenment and Great Awakening would later influence the American Revolution

16. Causes of the American Revolution • 1689-1763 the British and the French fought a series of wars • The French and Indian War 1754-1763 ended with a British victory • The peace treaty gave Canada, Florida and part of Louisiana to the British

17. British Parliament stated that the colonists should pay taxes (they were in debt from the war) • Colonists started to boycott British goods • There were people who supported the British government called Loyalists • Wanted to pay taxes and honor their government and King

18. War for Independence • First Continental Congress was held in 1774 to insist that the British government stopped taxing the colonies • Britain refused • The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 • Declared that America was independent

20. Throughout the war the British underestimated the Patriots • The Patriots were highly motivated and were led by George Washington • The French also joined in to help the Patriots • The Patriots won • They gained Florida on the south, The Great Lakes to the north, and the Mississippi River to the west

21. Section 3The Constitution • Confederation of States • Colonists declared independence in 1776 • Won their independence in 1783 with a victory in the American Revolution • Needed a new government

22. In 1776 each colony became a state and created a constitution • Republics were created where people elect their representatives • Only white, male, property owners could vote • Bill of Rights- a list of freedoms guaranteed by the state government • Freedom of religion, press, and right to trial by jury

23. Articles of Confederation • The power remained with the states • The federal government had the power to declare war and could regulate trade with foreign countries • Each state had one vote-unicameral congress • Amending the Articles needed the approval of all 13 states

24. Constitutional Convention • New Jersey Plan- wanted representation to be equal • Virginia Plan- wanted representation to be based on population

25. Great Compromise was to create a bicameral congress • The Senate would consist of equal representation-2 senators per state • The House of Representatives would be based on population • 3/5 clauses was also adopted • Counted each enslaved person to be 3/5 of a person to be added to the number of seats in Congress

26. The Struggle Over Ratification • 9 out of the 13 states had to ratify-officially approve • Federalists-supporters of the Constitution • James Madison, Alexander Hamilton & John Jay wrote a series of pamphlets- The Federalists Papers

27. Antifederalists opposed the Constitutions • Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams • Thought it gave the national government to much power • The Constitution also did not have a Bill of Rights • Which would protect freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly and the right to bear arms

28. In 1789 Congress approved the Bill of Rights that were added to the Constitution • They were ratified in 1791

29. Federalism-political system in which power is shared between the national government and state governments • Separation of Powers-principle that divides power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government • Checks and Balances-system in which each branch of the government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two

30. Section 4The New Republic • Government and Party Politics • George Washington became the first president of the United States of America • Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State • Secretary of Treasury-Alexander Hamilton • Known as the President’s cabinet

32. Struggle over Foreign Policy • Alien Act-1798 law that allowed the government to imprison or deport aliens • Sedition Act- 1798 law that allowed the prosecution of critics of the government

33. Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812 • Jefferson is president • Abandoned the alien and sedition acts • Got rid of taxes on stamps and land • Cut the national debt from $80 million to $57 million by 1809

35. Judicial Review- power of the Supreme Court to decide whether the acts of a president or laws passed by Congress are constitutional • Marbury V Madison • At the very end of his term, President John Adams had made many federal appointments, including William Marbury as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. • Thomas Jefferson, the new president, refused to recognize the appointment of Marbury. • The normal practice of making such appointments was to deliver a "commission," or notice, of appointment. This was normally done by the Secretary of State. Jefferson's Secretary of State at the time was James Madison. • .

36. At the direction of Jefferson, Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. Marbury sued Madison, and the Supreme Court took the case. • Chief Justice John Marshall wrote that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which spelled out the practice of delivering such commissions for judges and justices of the peace, was unconstitutional because it the gave the Supreme Court authority that was denied it by Article III of the Constitution. Thus, the Supreme Court said, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal and not to be followed

37. Louisiana Purchase- 1803 purchase from France by the United States of the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains

38. Foreign policy was not strong for Jefferson • Impressment-the policy of seizing people or property for military or public service • The British were seizing sailors from U.S. ships for the royal navy • Jefferson convinced Congress to impose an embargo-official ban or restriction on trade • This however hurt the Americans more than it did the British

39. War of 1812 • Congress lifted the embargo in 1809 • James Madison became president in 1812 • He decided there was no alternative than to go to war with Britain • Britain had the upper hand in the early years of the war • The invaded the U.S. • Burned the Capital and the White House • Both sides agreed to a peace treaty-neither gained any boundaries

41. Growing Differences Between North and South • Industrial Revolution began in Britain • Americans built factories to produce textiles, shoes, guns and tools • Most of the factories were in the North • Increased the number of immigrants coming into the United States that were looking for work

42. The South relied on their enslaved labor to maintain the cotton • 1793 Eli Whitney created the cotton gin- this machine reduced the time and cost of separating cotton fiber from hard shell • 1790 the South produced 1.5 million pounds of cotton • By 1820 the South produced 167 million pounds • North and South start having differences

44. The Monroe Doctrine • Wanted to unite the North and the South • The Monroe Doctrine- foreign policy that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere