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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. The basics of Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy. Deals with the form and arrangement of body parts. Physiology. Deals with the function of body parts Function is determined by how it’s constructed. Characteristics of Life. Movement:

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 The basics of Anatomy and Physiology

  2. Anatomy Deals with the form and arrangement of body parts

  3. Physiology Deals with the function of body parts Function is determined by how it’s constructed

  4. Characteristics of Life • Movement: • changes in body position or motion of internal parts

  5. Characteristics of Life • Responsiveness • Sensing and reacting to internal or external changes

  6. Characteristics of Life • Growth • Increase in size without a change in shape

  7. Characteristic of Life • Reproduction • The production of offspring

  8. Characteristics of Life • Respiration • Obtaining oxygen, using oxygen to release energy from foods, and removing gaseous wastes

  9. Characteristics of Life • Digestion • Changing food substances into forms that can be absorbed.

  10. Characteristic of Life • Absorption • Moving substances through membranes and into body fluids.

  11. Characteristics of Life • Circulation • The movement of substances in body fluids

  12. Characteristics of Life • Assimilation • The changing of substances into different forms

  13. Characteristic of Life • Excretion • The removal of body wastes • All previous activities make up METABOLISM! • (Sum of all chemical rxn’s in the body that break down and build them up)

  14. Maintenance of Life • Requirements of all organisms • Water • Used in metabolic processes, reactions and to transport substances • Food • Supplies energy • Oxygen • Releases energy from food, drives metabolism • Heat • Product of metabolic reactions, helps govern the rates of reactions • Pressure • Application of force to something, (in humans: atmospheric and hydrostatic pressures help breathing and blood movements)

  15. Homeostasis • Maintaining a stable internal environment • Regulates: • Temperature • Heart rate • Breathing • Etc.

  16. Levels of Organization

  17. Organization of Human Body • Body Cavities • Axial • Dorsal • Cranial and spinal • Ventral • Thoracic and abdominalpelvic

  18. Organization of Human Body • Appendicular • Includes upper and lower limbs

  19. Thoracic and Abdominalpelvic Membranes • Thoracic Membranes • Pleural membranes line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs • Mediastinum separates the thoracic cavity into R and L halves • Pericardial Membrane surround heart • Abdominopelvic Membranes • Peritoneal membranes live Abdop. Cavity and over organs

  20. Organ Systems • Body Covering Systems • Integumentary System • Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands • Protects underlying tissues, regulates body temp., houses sensory receptors, and synthesizes various substances.

  21. Organ Systems • Support and Movement Systems • Skeletal System • Composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that bind bones • Provides framework, protective shields, attachment for muscles, produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts • Muscular System • Muscles • Moves body parts, maintains posture, produces body heat

  22. Organ Systems • Integration and Coordination • Nervous System • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs • Receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets impulses, acts on them by stimulating muscles or glands to respond • Endocrine System • Glands that secrete hormones • Regulate metabolism • Includes: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland and thymus gland

  23. Organ Systems • Transport • Cardiovascular System • Circulatory system includes: heart, blood, blood vessels • Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes • Lymphatic System • Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen • Transports lymph from tissues to bloodstream, carries certain fatty substances away from digestive organs, defending body against disease-causing agents

  24. Organ Systems • Absorption and Excretion • Digestive System • Receives food, converts molecules to forms that can pass through membranes, eliminates materials not absorbed • Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines. • Respiratory System: • Takes in and sends out air and exchanges gases between the air and the blood • Includes: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

  25. Organ Systems Cont. • Urinary System: • Includes: bladder, kidneys, ureters, and urethra • Filters wastes from blood and helps maintain water and electrolyte balance • Reproductive System • Concerned with production of new organisms • Male System includes: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasadeferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra • Female System includes: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva

  26. Anatomical Terms • Abduction • Movement away from midline • Adduction • Movement towards midline

  27. Anatomical Terms • Anatomical Position • Body is upright with arms and hands turned forward

  28. Anatomical Terms • Anterior • Towards the front of body • Posterior • Relating to the back or the dorsal aspect of the body

  29. Anatomical Terms • Deep • Away from the surface • Superficial • On or near the surface

  30. Anatomical Terms • Distal • Away from the point of origin of a structure • Proximal • Towards the point of origin (near)

  31. Anatomical Terms • Dorsal • Relating to the back or posterior portion • Ventral • Refers to anterior part of body

  32. Anatomical Terms • Extension • Movement of a joint resulting in separation of two ventral surfaces • Flexion • Movement of a joint resulting in approximation of two ventral surfaces

  33. Anatomical Terms • Inferior • Term indicating that a structure lies beneath another • Superior • Above in relation to another structure (towards the head)

  34. Anatomical Terms • Lateral • Located away from midline • Medial • Situated close to or at the midline of the body or organ

  35. Anatomical Terms • Prone • Position of body in which the ventral surface faces down • Supine • Position of body in which the ventral surface faces up

  36. Anatomical Terms Bilateral: paired structures, one on each side (lungs) Ipsilateral: structures on same side (right lung and right kidney) Contralateral: structures on the opposite sides (patient with a fractured bone in right leg would bear weight on the contralateral, left lower leg)

  37. Body Planes • Frontal (coronal) • Vertical plane at right angles to the sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions • Sagittal Plane • Vertical plane extending in an antero-posterior direction, dividing the body into right and left parts (midline) • Transverse (horizontal) • Right angles to the long axis of the body (bottom and top halves)

  38. Body Regions Epigastric Region: upper middle R and L hypochondriac regions: each side of epigasric Umbilical region: middle portion R and L Lumbar Regions: each side of umbilical Hypogastric Region: lower middle portion R and L Iliac Regions: each side of Hypogastric Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

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