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Medieval Period (1066-1485) Beginnings. 1066 Battle of Hastings/Norman Conquest Normans are the Scandinavian pirates who had obtained land in northwest France. Led by William, Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror) Defeated the Anglo-Saxons led by Harold
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Medieval Period (1066-1485)Beginnings 1066 Battle of Hastings/Norman Conquest Normans are the Scandinavian pirates who had obtained land in northwest France. Led by William, Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror) Defeated the Anglo-Saxons led by Harold William becomes King William I of England Society underwent great changes Domesday Book (1086: a record of all land ownership in England for taxing purposes First centralized government The language became a blend of Anglo-Saxon and French
Structure of Medieval England • Class System (Early Medieval Period) • A person was born into a certain class & spent entire life in that same caste no matter how he/she worked Overlords/Barons Lesser lords/Knights/Soldiers Serfs/Peasants
Feudalism: Became the European social, economic, and political system • Land owned by William I and divided among nobleman/barons • No single man was given too much land: land=power • Lesser lords (knights/soldiers) would pledge their wealth and services to overlords. In return, the overlord would provide the use of the land • Serfs/peasants were bound to the land • Attached to a feudal manor which would be run by knights • Thought they were obligated due to religious duties • First all feudal manors were farms, but gradually they became ranches for herding sheep • Many became millers because of wool production
Womanhood • Women were expected to be subservient to their men • Women’s social status determined by father • Peasant women characterized by rounds of childbearing, housework, and field labor
The Code of Chivalry • Chivalry: A code of honor, manners, and bravery • Feudalism and knighthood brought chivalry to England • All knights aspired to be… • Honorable • Courteous • Generous • Brave • Skillful in battle • Respectful to women • Helpful to the weak • It was this Romantic ideal that affected the literature of the time • By 1300’s chivalry was dead, but it was still valued by influential writers • The use of gunpowder and the development of the long bow brought an end to knighthood
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ8A5gRe_Dw~$Medieval Period (1066-1485).pptx William the Conqueror
Development of Cities • By the 1300’s, cities had become bustling centers of trade • Led to the decline of feudal powers • Middle class developed as a new trade/merchant class forms in cities
The Medieval Church • Roman Catholic Church • Everyone was Roman Catholic • Infighting between regular clergy and the secular clergy • Secular clergy recognized need to reform due to overwhelming corruption • The church was the chief center of learning • Church controlled libraries, publishing, schools • Latin was the language of the church, therefore the language of all educated persons • Crusades (began 1095) • Military expeditions undertaken by knights (via the Pope)to recapture Jerusalem from the Turks (Muslims) • Knights returning brought back knowledge of Arabic numerals, algebra and Arab medicine, which was much more advanced than European
Medieval Monarchies • Norman Empire began to decline near the end of the 12th century • 1204 France defeats Normans and drives them from N. France • Eight House of Plantagenet kings • Henry II (1154-1189) • Desire to control Catholic church led to the murder of Thomas a’ Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury • Richard I “The Lion-hearted” (1189-1199) • Fought in the crusades, absent for majority of reign • Known as the model of a true knight • John (1199-1216) • Weak king • In 1215, forced to sign the Magna Carta by his barons • Formal apology & could not raise taxes without the barons’ consent
Three House of Lancaster kings (1399-1461) • Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI • Continued the Hundred Years War (with France) • Fought in attempt for England to keep lost French lands (Normandy) • War of the Roses (1455-1485) • Civil War between the royal houses of Lancaster and York • Symbol of Lancaster was red rose • Symbol of York was white rose • Richard Plantagenet, the 3rd Duke of York, deposed Henry VI for losses sustained in Hundred Years War • In 1461, Henry VI defeated by Edward IV and Yorks take control
Three House of York kings (1461-1485) • Edward V “The uncrowned king” (1483) • Only 12 years old when he becomes king • Richard III • Edward’s uncle. Has Edward and his brother locked in the Tower of London so he could become king • Richard III defeated by Henry Tudor, Duke of Richmond, at the Battle of Bosworth Field • Henry VII crowned king of England which ushers in the era of the Tudor monarchy • Considered the end of the Medieval Period
The Black Death • 1348-1349 outbreak decimates 1/3 of England’s population • Spread by fleas on rats • Promoted by the despicably dirty city conditions
The Medieval Language • 1066 in crucial date because from that date on, French was the language of the ruling classes • Latin was the language of the church and all the formal manuscripts • Change for Old English to Middle English is difficult to explain • With the Norman conquest came changes in spelling, grammar, and vocabulary • 10,000 French words added to the language • Approximately 1450 standard English emerged
Medieval Literature • Different types of literature • Allegory: the use of extended metaphor, symbol, or personification to communicate a hidden meaning • Miracle Play (aka Mystery Play): Developed by the church to instruct the illiterate masses in the scriptures and the extraordinary power exhibited by saints • Morality Play: Allegorical dramas to teach the masses lessons • Romance: Tales of chivalric adventure, in verse or prose, which blend chivalry, love, magic, and marvels, Sir Gawain • Satire: Work in verse or prose aiming to expose and, sometimes correct, personal, social, or spiritual follies or vices. Canterbury Tales