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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Before we start:. Raise your hand to express whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. Be prepared to express and defend your opinion. The most important factor that sets humans apart from other creatures is the development of culture. Possible Answers:

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1

  2. Before we start: • Raise your hand to express whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. • Be prepared to express and defend your opinion.

  3. The most important factor that sets humans apart from other creatures is the development of culture. Possible Answers: (Agree):The development of culture enables people to live and work together based on cooperation and shared values. (Disagree): Biological and physical differences and the human brain do more than culture to set humans apart from other creatures.

  4. Physical environment has little, if any, influence on the development of a civilizations. Possible Answers: (Agree):When humans seek a place to settle, geography and climate are not of primary importance (Disagree): Physical environment is the most important factor in determining whether a civilization develops.

  5. Farming and the domestication of animals are the most basic of human economic activities. Possible Answers: (Agree): Farming is an economic activity fundamental to all civilizations. (Disagree): Manufacturing and trade form the basis of all human economics.

  6. The first humans: “Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light.” • Louis Leaky British Paleoanthropologist

  7. Pre-History: • What is Pre-History? • Pre-History: is the period of time before writing was developed and no written records exist.

  8. Exploring pre-history: • Anthropologists: Scientists who study the remains of the skeletons of hominids. • Hominids: Early humans and human like creatures • Archaeologists: dig for objects to learn about the early people and their culture. • Artifacts: The objects dug for (tools, clothing, works of art, weapons, and toys). These artifacts only reveal “Limited evidence” so scientists must make educated guesses based on climate and geography. • What is Culture?

  9. Culture: • Is a set of beliefs, knowledge, and patterns of living that a group of people develop. • Culture includes: knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other habits acquired by man as a member of society. • Cultures interact and change Cultural diffusion

  10. Lucy • Hominids (Humanlike creatures) appeared millions of years ago. • 1974 Donald Johanson found remains of hominid skeleton in Ethiopia. • Johanson named the skeleton Lucy after the Beatles song. • Mary Leakey: found parts of a skeleton dating back 3 mya. Like Lucy they belong to a group called Australopithecus afarensis or “Southern Ape” World History book page 7. Answer question: What evidence indicates Lucy might be related to modern humans? Her upright posture, structure of hands, feet, and skull.

  11. The Ice Age A. An Ice Age is a period of _______. B. Each cold period lasted ______. C. A large part of Earth was covered with ______. D. Falling sea levels helped to create ________. E. Humans and animals ______ over land bridges. Read The Ice Age on page 7 • Extremely cold weather • 20,000-140,000 • Ice covered large parts of Earth D. Land bridges that are today separated by water. E. Migrated

  12. The Stone Age: • The Period of prehistory that begins with the development of stone tools. • The oldest part is called the Paleolithic stone age. • The Old Stone Age lasted more than 2 million years. “I can hear you now, talking to your friends saying yeah he’s come along way..from dragging’ his knuckles and carrying a club..and building a fire in a cave.” –Brad Paisley

  13. Neanderthal & Cro-Magnon People Neanderthals Cro-Magnon Appeared 35,000 y.a Made better tools and weapons than Neanderthals Spear throwers made them effective hunters Paintings from animals they hunted have been found Migrated to Northern Asia and Australia Cro-Magnon marks the human ability to adapt to different environments. • Caves of Europe and SE Asia • Early Homo Sapiens • Lived 35,000-130,000 y.a during the Old Stone Age • Wore animal skins for clothes • Used fire for cooking & warmth (they could live in colder places.) • They buried their dead with meat and tools. • The Neanderthals disappeared.

  14. Cro-Magnon Cave Paintings:

  15. The Agricultural Revolution: Each age is marked by a new level of tools and other artifacts. New Middle • 4,000 years ago • Neolithic Age • Technology continued to improve • Made tools from many kinds of stone and wood • Made more specialized tools. • People went from Nomads to settling permanent villages. • Developed Agriculture and practiced domestication. • 10,000 years ago • Mesolithic Age • The use of bow and arrow, fishhooks, and harpoons made from bones and antlers was widespread. • Nomads: Wandering from place to place in search of food • Agriculture: the raising of crops for food • Domestication: taming of animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs

  16. Neolithic Agricultural Revolution • People were no longer hunter-gathers • Shift from food gathering to food producing revolutionized human life • Hunter/gathering groups turned agricultural which developed into villages and small cities.

  17. The Foundations of Civilization • Four River Valleys with strong permanent settlements developed civilizations: a. The Nile River b. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers c. The Indus River d. The Huang (or Yellow) River

  18. What defines a civilization? - ASCAR • AdvancedCities– There are cities. • Specialized Institutions-people perform different jobs (division of labor) *Because of Sp. Inst., people could form large, permanent settlements and they were more likely to advance rapidly. types of jobs: Artisans, Merchants, traders, farmers • Complex Institutions– This means some form of government

  19. What defines a civilization? - ASCAR • Advanced Technology-people use technology to improve their lives. Ex: irrigation • Record Keeping-history is being written down or recorded . System of writing exists.

  20. Other accomplishments: • Calendar: farmers needed to know when the yearly floods would start and stop • Flood-flood was considered a year • Full moon-full moon was a month • 11 days short of a real year • Writing: trade required new forms of communication • people developed written language and created records of their cultures and societies….thus begins HISTORY 

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