Warm-Up

1. Warm-Up • Today’s Terms • Embargo Act of 1807 • Causes of War of 1812

2. Embargo Act of 1807 - Embargo is the suspension of trade - Considered a soft form of coercion (non-violent) American Revolution Passed in response to the capture of American merchant ships and the impressment of sailors by the British and French navies during the Napoleonic wars. Prohibited American businesses from trading with other countries to put pressure on France and Britain to stop intercepting US ships. Hurt US commerce and didn’t work.

3. Causes of War of 1812 - Embargo was tried first - Macon’s Bill No. 2 fails to get the British to lift blockade and moves US closer to war American Revolution Primary cause was the British interruption of free trade and the impressment of US sailors. In addition, suspicions of the British aiding Indians to resist westward expansion was another cause. Finally, war hawks in Congress were eager to defend the US’ honor, especially in response to the Chesapeake incident.

4. Today’s Agenda • Judicial Nationalism Notes • Reading Questions on Monroe Doctrine • Period 4 Vocabulary and Questions • Grade Quizzes

9. Today’s Materials • Take out the following for today’s lesson: • A sheet of paper and title “Judicial Nationalism Notes”

10. Central Question • How did Chief Justice John Marshall establish the power of the Judicial Branch? • What territorial gains and foreign policy were established during James Monroe’s presidency?

11. John Marshall & Judicial Nationalism • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Maryland was taxing the Second Bank of the United States • Supreme Court (SC) ruled this action was unconstitutional (“power to tax involves the power to destroy”) • Cohens v. Virginia (1821) • Cohens family found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets • SC upheld Virginia’s ruling on the case • Established the precedent that SC could review state decisions involving powers of the federal government

12. John Marshall & Judicial Nationalism continued • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • New York state attempted to grant a monopoly on interstate water commerce to a private business • SC ruled that congress has control of interstate commerce and not individual states

13. Judicial protections against Democratic excesses • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • Georgia legislature was bribed to grant 35 million acres of land in the area of the Yazoo River to private speculators • Next legislature attempted to void (cancel) the contract due to public outrage • SC ruled that states can’t impair contracts (even though this example was corrupt) • Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) • New Hampshire legislature tried to amend (change) original charter granted to Dartmouth in 1769 • SC ruled that contract must stand – states aren’t allowed to encroach on contracts

14. Territorial Expansion and Monroe Doctrine Reading Questions • Grab “The American Pageant” Textbook • Answer questions on a separate sheet of paper • Page number and paragraph (from start of subsection) is given at the end of each question • Take 25-30 minutes and we’ll review the answers afterwards

15. Reading Questions Review • What did the Treaty of 1818 state? Gave US access to fisheries in Newfoundland, established a border at the 49th parallel and shared a 10-year occupation of the Oregon country with Britain • Why did General Andrew Jackson lead a campaign into Florida in 1818? He did so on the pretext of punishing hostile Seminole Indians and capturing runaway slaves, although it was really done since Spanish troops had been diverted from Florida • What did the Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 state? Spain gave Florida and parts of claims in Oregon in exchange for the US abandoning claims in Texas

16. Reading Questions Review 4) What were European Monarchs doing in response to democratic rebellions? They banded together to stamp out democratic revolutions in Italy and Spain as well as possibly sending armies to put down rebellions in Spanish colonies 5) Why were Americans alarmed by the counter-revolutionary movements of the European Monarchs? They were concerned that European intervention could damage the fate of democracy in the New World

17. Reading Questions Review 6) Why did the British not join with the other European Monarchs in stamping out revolutions and what did they propose instead? They found trading with the newly freed countries profitable; A proposal was made in which the US & Britain would renounce any territorial ambitions in Latin America and warned European powers to stay out of the Americas 7) Why was Secretary Adams skeptical of the British proposal? He believed the British would use it to prevent the US from gaining territory in the Western Hemisphere and that it was unnecessary since the European powers weren’t sending military forces to the Americas

18. Reading Questions Review 8) What did the Monroe Doctrine state? It warned the European powers against further colonization (they could keep existing colonies) or intervention in the Western Hemisphere (North/South America, Carribean) 9) How did European powers view the Monroe Doctrine? They were upset by the proclamation but knew that it was generally hollow (it would be the British, not the US that would pose a threat at sea) 10) What was the Monroe Doctrine more accurately viewed as? As a self-defense doctrine that was primarily intended to prevent European powers from gaining territory that could threaten the US - not to protect Latin America

20. Wednesday’s Quiz (Red & Blue)