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Perception: The Power of Selective Attention and Gestalt Psychology

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  1. Warm up • Get out hw • 5 mins to study

  2. Word Bank • Eardrum • Ossicles • Hammer • Cochlea • Outer ear • Anvil • Neural Impulse • Sound Waves • Basiliar Membrane • Stirup • Oval Window • Hair Cells • transduction

  3. Chapter 6: Perception

  4. Perception • Selective Attention: the focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

  5. Selective Attention • The most famous example to illustrate selective attention is known as the “cocktail party effect.” • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/20/silent-gorilla-study-concentration-deaf_n_1612843.html?utm_hp_ref=science&icid=maing-grid7%7Cmain5%7Cdl5%7Csec1_lnk3%26pLid%3D171994

  6. Testing Selective Attention

  7. Perception • Visual Capture:refers to the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.

  8. Perceptual Organization • Gestalt: an organized whole. • Gestalt psychologists emphasize humans’ tendencies to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. • Things are not seen as sum of parts but immediately as wholes.

  9. Gestalt

  10. Perceptual Organization • Figure-Ground Relationship: tendency to organize information into objects (figure) that stand out from their background(ground)

  11. Figure Ground Relationship

  12. Gestalt Psychology • Grouping:the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups • Grouping Principles: • Proximity • Similarity • Continuity • Closure • Connectedness

  13. Proximity: tendency to group nearby figures together

  14. Similarity: tendency to group figures that are similar

  15. Continuity: tendency to perceive continuous patterns

  16. Closure: tendency to fill in the gaps in visual information.

  17. Connectedness: spots, lines and areas are seen as unit when connected

  18. Illusionary Contours: We constantly filter information so it makes sense to us.

  19. Depth Perception • Depth Perception: the ability to see objects in three dimensions. Allows us to gauge distance. • Visual Cliff: illustrated that crawling infants and newborns perceive depth.

  20. Types of Depth Perception • Binocular Cues: depth cues that rely on the use of two eyes. • Examples of Binocular Cues: • Retinal Disparity: idea that images of an object from the two eyes differ. The closer the object, the larger the difference (disparity.) • Convergence: extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object that brain keeps track of to measure distance.

  21. Types of Depth Perception • Monocular Cues: distance cues that are available to either eye alone. Often used in art. • Examples of Monocular Cues • Relative size: smaller image is more distant • Interposition:closer object blocks distant object • Relative Clarity:hazy object seen as more distant • Texture:coarse=close ; fine=distant

  22. Types of Depth Perception • Examples of Monocular Cues Continued: • Relative Height: higher objects seen as more distant • Relative Motion: closer objects seem to move faster • Linear Perspective: parallel lines converge with distance • Relative Brightness: closer objects appear brighter • Light and Shadow: nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes.

  23. Monocular Cue?

  24. Monocular Cue?

  25. Monocular Cue?

  26. What Cues Do You See?

  27. How many Legs?

  28. Perceptual Constancy • Perceptual Constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image • color • shape • size

  29. Interplay Between Perceived Size and Distance • Using monocular cues for distance can often cause us to perceive incorrect information.

  30. Diameter of Circles Are the Same

  31. Muller-Lyer Illusion

  32. Warm Up • On the overhead • Page 39

  33. Cultural Influences on Depth Perception

  34. Impossible Image

  35. Impossible Staircase

  36. Warm Up • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KApieSGlyBk

  37. Sensory Deprivation and Perception • Blind Person Example • Some aspects of perception might be innate • Others involve experiences • Critical period for development of sensation and perception

  38. Sensory Deprivation and Perception Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.

  39. Perceptual Adaptation • Perceptual Adaptation • (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field • prism glasses

  40. http://jeffmilner.com/backmasking.htm

  41. Perceptual Interpretation • Perceptual Set: a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. • What you see in the middle is influenced by if you looked at bottom or the top

  42. Lochness Monster or a Tree Trunk?

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