Chapter 8: Into A New Century

1. Chapter 8: Into A New Century 1900-1930

2. Predictions/Questions Reconstruction has ended and we are moving into the 20th Century – what will this bring for the United States? For African Americans? For women?

3. First in Flight

4. First in Flight • December 3, 1903 – • The Wright brothers’ first successful flight in Kitty Hawk, NC • First flight lasted approximately 12 seconds; last flight almost a minute • Four successful flights in all that day

5. First in Flight

6. http://www.history.com/topics/wright-brothers/videos#wright-brothers-test-flight-1909http://www.history.com/topics/wright-brothers/videos#wright-brothers-test-flight-1909 • http://www.history.com/topics/wright-brothers/videos#wright-brothers-are-first-in-flight

7. An Age of Growth & Conflict • The new century brought flying machines, radio broadcasts, skyscrapers and electricity • Technology sped up industrial growth • Towns and cities grew • New schools opened • New roads were built

8. An Age of Growth & Conflict Social and political problems proved harder to handle Blacks still held back by racial segregation Tenant farmers/sharecroppers still struggled Factory jobs were difficult Economy produced prosperity as well as poverty

9. Textile Mills • North Carolina • South’s most industrialized state • Nation’s leading maker of wood furniture • Hundreds of textile mills opened • Cheap labor and easy access to cotton • Few textile mills were open to blacks

10. Growth of Industry Business profits helped build towns, churches, schools, hospitals & libraries Growth of Industry Shaped new social class – the working class Increased the number of middle-class professionals, like lawyers, merchants & managers

11. The Power of Electricity • Thomas Edison – • http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/famoushistoricalfigures/thomasedison/ • Engineers developed machines that used river flow to produce electricity – hydroelectricity • Textile mills were powered by hydroelectricity • More and more people built textile mills across region

12. Life as a Mill Worker • Everyone was expected to work – even young children • Mill owners built villages around plants and rented homes to workers • Provided a steadier income than sharecropping, but less independence • Could issue a village curfew • Could cut off electricity at any point

13. “Welfare Work” • “Welfare work:” Education and entertainment programs started by mill owners in villages to keep workers from moving • Built community centers • Sponsored brass bands, baseball teams, home economic classes, etc • Created contests that rewarded for the best-kept yard or cutest baby • Owners wanted to develop habits and goals to make workers successful

14. “Welfare Work” Do we have anything today to compare to the “welfare work” of the textile mills? What do employers or managers do today to build morale in their companies?

15. “Welfare Work” • Do we have anything today to compare to the “welfare work” of the textile mills? What do employers or managers do today to build morale in their companies? • Gift cards • Bonuses • Company sports teams • Trips to the highest sales numbers • Reserved parking spot at work • Gym memberships • Company car to use

16. The Progressive Era • Reformers worked to make US orderly, safe and prosperous • Programs to address housing and sanitation challenges • Programs to educate young people • “Settlement houses” for urban families • Charities to improve school and combat diseases • Government became more involved in regulating businesses and planning for growth

17. Regulation & Safety • Theodore Roosevelt – • Started the US Forest Service • Regulated big businesses by creating agencies like the FDA • Introduced income tax to pay for government agencies • Created program to regulate banking • http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/famoushistoricalfigures/theodoreroosevelt/

18. Improving State Schools • Schools became the focus of NC’s Progressive reforms • Thousands of new schools were built across the state • “Graded” schooling – • Students organized into grades • Tested on what they learned • School term expanded to 6 months

19. Fight Against Child Labor • Factory owners – • Kept wages low • Trained new generation of workers • Thought they were better off working than sitting in classroom • Progressive reformers – • Damaged children’s health • Denied them opportunities • Would never have a chance to improve their lives

20. Fight Against Child Labor • 1916: US Congress passed a law against hiring children under age 14 • NC mill owners challenged the law • Argued that parents, not government, had the right to decide when children should work • Supreme Court agreed – struck down law • 1938: Fair Labor Standards Act was passed

21. Fight Against Child Labor Newt Gingrich: Child labor laws 'truly stupid' http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/21/news/la-pn-gingrich-child-labor-20111121

22. Fight Against Child Labor • http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=143442 • http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=141015

23. Fight Against Child Labor Do the advantages of child labor outweigh the disadvantages? Write a short paragraph outlining the pros or cons of child labor during this era. You have 10 minutes to complete this assignment.

24. Separate but Unequal • Discrimination and segregation • NC set up 2 public school systems, one for blacks and one for whites • Black school: “rickety, wooden structure surrounded by a bare clay wall” • White school: “school made out of brick with a well-kept green lawn. Their playground, a wonderland of iron swings, sand slides, see-saws, crossbars, and a basketball court was barred from us by a strong 8-foot-high fence topped by barbed wire”

25. Jim Crow Laws Plessy vs. Ferguson: states could legally establish “separate but equal” institutions for blacks States followed “separate” but ignored “equal” Laws forced blacks to ride in separate railroad cars, sit in the back of buses, couldn’t buy houses in white neighborhoods, etc.

26. Customs & Culture Employers: hired whites for skilled jobs, blacks for unskilled jobs Manners: whites called blacks by first name, blacks expected to use “ma’am” and “sir” Blacks expected to give up bus seats to whites, and to step off the sidewalk when whites were passing

27. Customs & Culture Failure to follow unwritten rules usually resulted in violence and lynching Lynch: to seize someone believed to have committed a crime and put the person to death immediately without a trial Lynchers took pictures of violence and set them as postcards

28. Revival of the Klan • Black inferiority – became a theme in national popular culture • Books/movies about noble southern whites and foolish or violent blacks became popular • The Birth of the Nation: • Country’s first major feature film • Controversial and popular • Praised members of the KKK as heroes • President Woodrow Wilson praised film

29. The Birth of a Nation “The Civil War divides friends and destroys families, but that's nothing compared to the anarchy in the black-ruled South after the war” The movie is also credited as one of the events that inspired the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, GA in the same year. The Birth of a Nation was used as a recruiting tool for the KKK http://archive.org/details/dw_griffith_birth_of_a_nation

30. Race in Fiction Read the two short passages on page 285. After reading the passages, answer questions 1-5 on a sheet of notebook paper. Answer all questions in complete sentences.

31. African Americans Fight Back • W.E.B. DuBois – • New York City • Writer and speaker • Urged blacks to fight for rights • Booker T. Washington • South • President of Tuskegee University • Urged blacks to focus on building up their institution

32. The North Carolina Mutual • The North Carolina Mutual – one of NC’s most prominent black institutions • Turned discrimination into an opportunity • Most companies refused to sell insurance to blacks • Had the entire African American market to itself • Became the largest black-owned financial institution in the nation

34. http://www.ncmutuallife.com/newsite/pages/about.html “Since its beginning in 1898, North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company has grown to become one of the nation's most widely-known and successful business institutions. North Carolina Mutual is the oldest and largest African American life insurance company in the United States.”

35. Palmer Memorial Institute • Charlotte Hopkins Brown – one of the state’s most well-known black educators • Most whites would only donate $ if blacks were taught the “right” thing • Learning to be maids, bricklayers, and farmers • Brown advertised her school as a “vocational” institution – a school that teaches a trade • Many local whites donated $ to it

36. The Great War European countries began fighting over land and power Early 1900s – separated into 2 alliances – Allies and Central Powers War began in 1914 when an assassin murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Europeans expected the war to be short but they were wrong

37. The Great War • US tried to stay out of trouble in Europe • Neutrality proved difficult • US economy depended on exports to Europe • European blockades made shipping dangerous • 1917: German submarines began attacking US ships • President Wilson declared war – “a battle for the ideals of democracy championed by the US and Great Britain”

39. World War 1 Powers Allied Powers Central Powers Neutral nations Portugal Great Britain France Belgium Russia Romania Serbia Montenegro Albania Greece Cyprus Corsica United States Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Bulgaria Sardinia Ottoman Empire Spain Netherlands Switzerland Denmark Norway Sweden Iceland

40. North Carolina in the War • North Carolinians differed over whether the US should go to war • More than 80,000 North Carolinians served in the war • More than 20,000 of those were black • Fighting = terrible experience • Lived in muddy trenches • Frequently attacked with poison gas • Newly developed weapons such as tanks, machine guns, fighter aircrafts, etc

41. World War I • Trench Warfare • http://www.history.com/topics/trench-warfare/videos#trench-warfare • WWI firsts • http://www.history.com/topics/trench-warfare/videos#causes-of-world-war-i • Causes of WWI • http://www.history.com/topics/trench-warfare/videos#wwi-firsts

42. Trench Warfare

43. Mills and Army Camps • Men fighting in war  women working in factories • Increased demand for goods  increased crop prices, textile wages, and factory profits  boosted economy • US Army opened 3 training camps in North Carolina • Camp Greene (Charlotte) • Camp Polk (Raleigh) • Camp Bragg (Fort Bragg)

44. The Great Migration • Within 6 years, more than 300,000 African Americans left the south • From 1916-1930, over 1 million African Americans moved to the North and West • Philadelphia and New York became major destinations • Advantages: • Jobs paid more • Schools were better • Blacks were allowed to vote

45. The War Ends November 11, 1918: Germany surrendered Woodrow Wilson – “a war to end all wars” Treaty of Versailles – officially ended the war

46. The League of Nations Meant to mediate disputes between nations, in order to prevent future wars US Senate wanted US the remain independent of international organizations Senate rejected Treaty of Versailles and refused to allow the US to join the League of Nations

47. The Roaring 20s • WWI changed American society in many ways • Economic spark • Wealth brought to new areas • Advances in transportation and communication • Young people – loved dancing to new music, working in new jobs, and going on dates in cars • Older people – worried that the world they knew was coming to an end

48. “Good Roads State” • Cameron Morrison – promised to improve roads • Helped pass a law that created hundreds of miles of paved highways • NC became known as the “good roads state” • Improved roads + decreased car prices = increased car buying • “Roadhouses” = popular dance clubs along the roads

49. The Rise of Radio • NC’s first radio station – started in Charlotte chicken coop • WBT-Charlotte still exists today • By 1920s, radio became a part of everyday life • Families gathered around radio to hear news, farm reports, dramas, comedy shows, and music

50. Prohibition Drinking, selling, or making alcohol was prohibited in the US 1909: NC voted to ban alcohol 1920: States ratified the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale or transportation of alcoholic beverages in the country