Unit 4 Review

1. Unit 4 Review 1450 CE—1750 CE

3. 1. How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? • There was no trade between civilizations prior to the 15th century. • Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Western Hemisphere. • In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of larger regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a truly global network. • Trade in previous eras was almost entirely in the hands of the West. • It was controlled by the Chinese due to their naval presence in the Indian Ocean.

4. 1. How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? • There was no trade between civilizations prior to the 15th century. • Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Western Hemisphere. • In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of larger regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a truly global network. • Trade in previous eras was almost entirely in the hands of the West. • It was controlled by the Chinese due to their naval presence in the Indian Ocean.

5. 2. The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of • Portugal. • Spain. • France. • Sicily. • Venice.

6. 2. The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of • Portugal. • Spain. • France. • Sicily. • Venice.

7. 3. What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America? • To establish colonies • To create a fortified port and trading region • To discover a northwest passage to India • To drive the Spanish from the Americas • To convert natives to Catholicism

8. 3. What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America? • To establish colonies • To create a fortified port and trading region • To discover a northwest passage to India • To drive the Spanish from the Americas • To convert natives to Catholicism

9. 4. In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of the Iberian nations? • The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support. • Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. • Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments. • The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest. • The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking capital from Italy and the Florentines.

10. 4. In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of the Iberian nations? • The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support. • Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. • Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments. • The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest. • The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking capital from Italy and the Florentines.

11. 5. As part of the “Colombian Exchange,” which of the following was a European contribution to the Americas? • Bullion • Raw materials • Horses • Corn • Potatoes

12. 5. As part of the “Colombian Exchange,” which of the following was a European contribution to the Americas? • Bullion • Raw materials • Horses • Corn • Potatoes

13. 6. Despite Japan’s official policy of isolation, the Dutch were able to gain special access to the port of • Osaka. • Kyoto. • Kure. • Nagasaki. • Yokohama.

14. 6. Despite Japan’s official policy of isolation, the Dutch were able to gain special access to the port of • Osaka. • Kyoto. • Kure. • Nagasaki. • Yokohama.

15. 7. Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate? • Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status. • East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy. • China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check. • China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. • Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish ended up in China in order for the Spanish to purchase Chinese manufactured goods.

16. 7. Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate? • Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status. • East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy. • China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check. • China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. • Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish ended up in China in order for the Spanish to purchase Chinese manufactured goods.

17. 8. The British East India Company through negotiation with local Mughal princes gained a station at • Goa. • Calcutta. • Bombay. • Delhi. • Ceylon.

18. 8. The British East India Company through negotiation with local Mughal princes gained a station at • Goa. • Calcutta. • Bombay. • Delhi. • Ceylon.

19. 9. Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? • Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard. • The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled. • Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population. • Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there. • The need to defend the southern colonies against Spanish settlers.

20. 9. Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? • Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard. • The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled. • Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population. • Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there. • The need to defend the southern colonies against Spanish settlers.

21. 10. In characterizing the period from 1450 to 1750 in the West, which of the following statements is NOT accurate? • What was once an agricultural society had become a predominantly manufacturing economy. • Government powers had expanded as nation-states began to evolve. • Science came to form the centerpiece of Western intellectual life. • The popular outlook, including ideas about personality and family as well as concepts of nature, had shifted. • The idea of Christian unity started to decline which led to religious wars.

22. 10. In characterizing the period from 1450 to 1750 in the West, which of the following statements is NOT accurate? • What was once an agricultural society had become a predominantly manufacturing economy. • Government powers had expanded as nation-states began to evolve. • Science came to form the centerpiece of Western intellectual life. • The popular outlook, including ideas about personality and family as well as concepts of nature, had shifted. • The idea of Christian unity started to decline which led to religious wars.

23. 11. Which of the following sequences lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence? • Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment • Absolute monarchy, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation • Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment • Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment, absolute monarchy • Absolute monarchy, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation, Renaissance

24. 11. Which of the following sequences lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence? • Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment • Absolute monarchy, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation • Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment • Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment, absolute monarchy • Absolute monarchy, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation, Renaissance

25. 12. Which of the following was NOT a religious proposition advanced by Martin Luther? • Sale of indulgence, or grants of salvation, for money was wrong. • Only faith could gain salvation. • Monasticism was wrong. • Priests should practice celibacy. • People should read the Bible in their own language.

26. 12. Which of the following was NOT a religious proposition advanced by Martin Luther? • Sale of indulgence, or grants of salvation, for money was wrong. • Only faith could gain salvation. • Monasticism was wrong. • Priests should practice celibacy. • People should read the Bible in their own language.

27. 13. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason why Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite? • Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany. • Luther’s support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy Roman emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism. • German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories. • Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman emperor instead of the pope. • Luther was seen as anti-Muslim and many German princes saw a way to expand their power into eastern Europe.

28. 13. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason why Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite? • Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany. • Luther’s support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy Roman emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism. • German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories. • Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman emperor instead of the pope. • Luther was seen as anti-Muslim and many German princes saw a way to expand their power into eastern Europe.

29. 14. What new religious order was associated with the Catholic Reformation? • Benedictines • Jesuits • Calvinists • Dominicans • Franciscans

30. 14. What new religious order was associated with the Catholic Reformation? • Benedictines • Jesuits • Calvinists • Dominicans • Franciscans

31. 15. Who used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe? • Galileo • Copernicus • Ptolemy • Francis Bacon • Isaac Newton

32. 15. Who used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe? • Galileo • Copernicus • Ptolemy • Francis Bacon • Isaac Newton

33. 16. Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists? • While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion. • God can be found in all elements of creation, whether plant, animal, or mineral. • The authority of the church is paramount, and all political power is derived from divine sanction. • The institutional church has failed Western society, and it is necessary for the reestablishment of the church through new institutions founded by the state. • God establishes governments on Earth, and kings are his instruments.

34. 16. Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists? • While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion. • God can be found in all elements of creation, whether plant, animal, or mineral. • The authority of the church is paramount, and all political power is derived from divine sanction. • The institutional church has failed Western society, and it is necessary for the reestablishment of the church through new institutions founded by the state. • God establishes governments on Earth, and kings are his instruments.

35. 17. Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines mercantilism? • Mercantilism was a scientific theory that attempted to limit the growing dominance of merchants within society. • Mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations. • Mercantilism was an economic philosophy that argued that natural laws would determine the flow of goods according to supply and demand. • Mercantilism argued that the money supply should be freed from the supply of bullion and based instead on the flow of goods within regional markets. • Mercantilism is the idea that all trade should be international and free of any restraints.

36. 17. Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines mercantilism? • Mercantilism was a scientific theory that attempted to limit the growing dominance of merchants within society. • Mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations. • Mercantilism was an economic philosophy that argued that natural laws would determine the flow of goods according to supply and demand. • Mercantilism argued that the money supply should be freed from the supply of bullion and based instead on the flow of goods within regional markets. • Mercantilism is the idea that all trade should be international and free of any restraints.

37. 18. Which of the following states stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17th century and retained a parliamentary regime? • France • Prussia • Spain • Austria-Hungary • Britain

38. 18. Which of the following states stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17th century and retained a parliamentary regime? • France • Prussia • Spain • Austria-Hungary • Britain

39. 19. What political center served as the focal point for the Russian liberation from the Mongols? • Kiev • Duchy of Moscow • St. Petersburg • Principate of Novgorod • Crimean peninsula

40. 19. What political center served as the focal point for the Russian liberation from the Mongols? • Kiev • Duchy of Moscow • St. Petersburg • Principate of Novgorod • Crimean peninsula

41. 20. What government did Ivan the Great claim to have succeeded as the “third Rome”? • The Byzantine Empire • The Abbasid Empire • The Ottoman Empire • The Umayyad Empire • Holy Roman Empire

42. 20. What government did Ivan the Great claim to have succeeded as the “third Rome”? • The Byzantine Empire • The Abbasid Empire • The Ottoman Empire • The Umayyad Empire • Holy Roman Empire

43. 21. Politically, what aspects of Western culture did Peter the Great emulate in Russia? • Parliamentary government • Aristocratic control of the bureaucracy • Royal control over the bureaucracy and reorganized military • Republicanism • Separation of church and state

44. 21. Politically, what aspects of Western culture did Peter the Great emulate in Russia? • Parliamentary government • Aristocratic control of the bureaucracy • Royal control over the bureaucracy and reorganized military • Republicanism • Separation of church and state

45. 22. In what way did Peter the Great shift the foreign policy interests of Russia? • Peter the Great initiated the Russian invasion of China. • Peter abandoned the Russian policies of expansion in favor of consolidation at the center. • Peter allied himself with the traditional Russian enemy, the Ottoman Empire. • Peter’s wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden indicated a westward shift in Russian expansion. • Peter began Russian expansion into North America and Japan.

46. 22. In what way did Peter the Great shift the foreign policy interests of Russia? • Peter the Great initiated the Russian invasion of China. • Peter abandoned the Russian policies of expansion in favor of consolidation at the center. • Peter allied himself with the traditional Russian enemy, the Ottoman Empire. • Peter’s wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden indicated a westward shift in Russian expansion. • Peter began Russian expansion into North America and Japan.

47. 23. Peter the Great established a new capital for Russia at • Kiev. • Moscow. • Novgorod. • St. Petersburg. • Ekaterinburg.

48. 23. Peter the Great established a new capital for Russia at • Kiev. • Moscow. • Novgorod. • St. Petersburg. • Ekaterinburg.

49. 24. What was Catherine the Great’s attitude toward the program of Westernization? • Catherine flirted vigorously with the ideas of the French Enlightenment, but failed to take steps to abolish serfdom. • Catherine rejected the concepts of Westernization in favor of a distinctive Russian culture. • Catherine earned the title of Enlightened monarch by fully embracing the ideas of the French Enlightenment, including the abolition of the serfs. • Catherine was eager to continue the policy of Westernization, but was unable to attract Western philosophers to backward Russia. • She was more interested in the process of Asianization and reforming the aristocracy.

50. 24. What was Catherine the Great’s attitude toward the program of Westernization? • Catherine flirted vigorously with the ideas of the French Enlightenment, but failed to take steps to abolish serfdom. • Catherine rejected the concepts of Westernization in favor of a distinctive Russian culture. • Catherine earned the title of Enlightened monarch by fully embracing the ideas of the French Enlightenment, including the abolition of the serfs. • Catherine was eager to continue the policy of Westernization, but was unable to attract Western philosophers to backward Russia. • She was more interested in the process of Asianization and reforming the aristocracy.