REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT

1. REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT CHAPTER 18 REVIEW BOOK

2. SECTION 1: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

3. Revolution in Astronomy… • The Ptolemaic System was a model of the universe that featured the Earth stationary in the middle with all other planets and stars moving around it.

4. Revolution in Science… • In 1543 Nicholas Copernicus and Johannes Kepler proposed a heliocentric (sun centered) solar system. Kepler Copernicus

5. Revolution in Science… • GalileoGalilei was the first to observe physical features on the moon, the Sun, and the planets using a telescope.

6. Revolution in Science • Isaac Newton explained gravity and other laws of movement and force.

7. Breakthrough in Medicine and Chemistry… • Andreas Vesalius became known as the father of anatomy as he was the first to dissect the human body and analyze its functions in detail.

8. Breakthrough in Medicine and Chemistry… • William Harvey discovered that the heart was the center of blood flow and that with veins and arteries it formed a complete circuit.

9. Breakthrough in Medicine and Chemistry • Robert Boyle discovered that air was a mixture of gases. • Antoine Lavoisier created a system for naming elements that is still used today. • Margaret Cavendish suggested that humans were not the masters of nature but simply a small part of it. Cavendish Boyle • Lavoisier

10. The Scientific Method • Francis Bacon created the Scientific Method (a system for analyzing and forming theories)

11. Section 2 The Enlightenment in Europe

12. Toward a New Social Science • Philosophes’ belief that natural laws govern human society created the social sciences. • Adam $mithis considered the founder of economics. • He believed that when individuals were left to pursue their own economic self-interest all of society benefited. • He felt government should take a laissez faire approach (hands off).

13. Natural Rights • Philosophe John Locke believed that all people were born with the natural rights of Life, Liberty, and Property. • He believed it was the government’s job to protect these rights and when they did not the people have the right to overthrowtheir government.

14. Later Enlightenment • Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote a book called the social contract. • He explained the social contract as an agreement in which an entire society agrees to be governed by the general will. • Individuals who wish to follow their own self-interest are forced to abide by the general will.

15. The Social World of the Enlightenment • Most common people and especially peasants were unaware of enlightenment ideas. • However a new reading middle class learned about these ideas in daily newspapers and magazines.

16. Religion in the Enlightenment • Many philosophes attacked Christianity but most Europeans remained Christians and even sought a deeper personal devotion to God. • The most famous new form of Christianity on England was Methodism founder by John Wesley. • This group influenced the abolition of slavery in the early 1800s. Wesley

17. SECTION 3: THE IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

18. Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism • Philosophes believed in natural rights for all people. • These included equity before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of the press, freedom to assemble, and hold property. • They also believed that the people had to be governed by enlightened rulers who obeyed these rules.

19. Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism • Prussian Kings William I and Fredrick II made Prussia a major European power by expanding the Prussian Army. • In the Austrian Empire Joseph II enacted many changes based on enlightenment thinking but most were unpopular and were reversed by his successors. • Catherine the Great of Russia knew of enlightenment ideas but didn’t think they were good for Russia. As a result she faced rebellion from peasants but stomped out this rebellion and expanded Russia’s borders south and west.

20. War of Austrian Succession/The Seven Years war • When Maria Theresa assumed the Austrian throne Prussia and France occupied Austrian territories assuming she would be a weak ruler. • Maria Theresa worked diplomatically to create & shift alliances to her side. • Wars broke out in Europe, India and North America as a result.

21. The War in Europe • In Europe the British and the Prussians fought the French, the Austrians, and the Russians. • The war ended in 1763 and all occupied territories were returned to their original owners except for Silesia which the Prussians took from Austria.

22. The War in India • The French and the British fought over control of India with the British finally pushing the French out. • After the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years’ War in 1763 the British continued to expand their control over India.

23. The War in North America • In America the British had 13 Colonies on the East Coast and the French had lightly populated territories in Louisiana and Canada. • The French won early battles but eventually lost territory in what Americans called the French and Indian War.

24. Section 4: Colonial Empires and the American Revolution

25. Colonial Empires in Latin America • Spain and Portugal competed for lands in the New World. • Pope Alexander VI established the Line of Demarcation to avoid conflict between the two nations which led to the Portuguese taking control of modern day Brazil and the Spanish taking much of the rest which they called New Spain.

26. Colonial Empires in Latin America • Class Structure • Peninsulares: Settlers who were born on the Iberian Peninsula • Creoles: American born children of Peninsulares • Mestizos: Offspring of Europeans and Native Americans *8 million African slaves were brought by the Spanish and Portuguese. The offspring of Europeans and Africans were called Mulattoes.

27. Colonial Empires in Latin America • The Spanish and Portuguese benefited from their American Colonies by using natives and African slaves for free labor. • They traded resources from the new world and used their slaves to make money from large plantations. • They also set up missions to spread Christianity to native peoples.

28. Britain and British North America • England and Scotland united in 1707. The term British came to refer to both the English and the Scots. • In the Eighteenth century power in England was shared by the Monarch and the Parliament.

29. The American Revolution • After the Seven Years’ War Britain wanted more money from its colonies. • The taxes imposed on the colonies led to conflicts with the colonists… “No taxation without representation.” • The colonist organized their own Congress “The Continental Congress” which eventually declared American Independence and went to war with Britain. • The American colonists got help from the Spanish and the French and won their independence along with more land in North America.

30. The Birth of a New Nation • The newly independent colonies became the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation. • They replaced this document with the Constitution because the federal government was too weak. • The Constitution included the Bill of Rights which included many enlightenment ideas.