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Revolution and Enlightenment

Explore the evolution of astronomy from Ptolemy's Earth-centered model to Copernicus and Kepler's heliocentric view, Galileo's controversial discoveries with the telescope, Newton's laws of motion and gravity, as well as the philosophical contributions of Descartes and Bacon to scientific reasoning.

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Revolution and Enlightenment

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  1. Revolution and Enlightenment The Scientific Revolution Chapter 17 Section 1

  2. Scientific Breakthroughs • The Ptolemaic System • Ptolemy - great astronomer who developed the Ptolemaic System • The Earth was the center of the universe and it is a fixed sphere • The Universe is seen as a series of spheres that all rotate around the Earth • 1st Sphere – Moon • 2nd Sphere – Mercury • 3rd Sphere – Venus • 4th Sphere – Sun • 10th Sphere – Prime Mover • Beyond the 10th Sphere is Heaven where God Lives

  3. Scientific Breakthroughs • Copernicus and Kepler • Copernicus • Mathematician that believed the sun was the center of the universe • Kepler • Mathematician that confirmed the sun was at the center of the universe • Planets revolved around the sun in an elliptical path

  4. Scientific Breakthroughs • Galileo’s Discoveries • Mathematician that invented the telescope • Destroyed Ptolemaic ideas because he discovered mountains on Earth’s moon, Moons revolving around Jupiter and Sunspots • Catholic Church does not like Galileo’s theories and ideas • Ordered to drop the idea that humans were not the center of the universe

  5. Scientific Breakthroughs • Newton’s View of the Universe • Isaac Newton • Said three laws of motion govern the planetary bodies • Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity

  6. Women’s Contributions • Maria Winkelmann • Married an astronomer and began practicing astronomy • She discovered a comet one night • Applied for a position as assistant astronomer at the Berlin Academy but was denied

  7. Philosophy and Reason • Descartes and Rationalism • Rene Descartes (French philosopher) believed that he should only accept those things that his reason said were true • Reason is the chief source of knowledge

  8. Philosophy and Reason • Bacon and the Scientific Method • Francis Bacon was an English Philosopher who believed one should learn about nature using inductive reasoning • By doing this scientists should free their minds of opinions that might distort the truth

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