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AKS 46: Russian Revolution, Asian Nationalism, and Rise of Fascism

AKS 46: Russian Revolution, Asian Nationalism, and Rise of Fascism. Chapters 30 and 31 Pages 864 – 919. Impact of War on… Science & Technology. Albert Einstein German-born physicist - completely changed physics w/ ideas about space, time, matter, & energy Theory of Relativity:

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AKS 46: Russian Revolution, Asian Nationalism, and Rise of Fascism

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  1. AKS 46:Russian Revolution, Asian Nationalism, and Rise of Fascism Chapters 30 and 31 Pages 864 – 919

  2. Impact of War on…Science & Technology • Albert Einstein • German-born physicist - completely changed physics w/ ideas about space, time, matter, & energy • Theory of Relativity: • As moving objects neared speed of light, space & time became relative (they change)

  3. Impact of War on…Science & Technology • Automobiles: • Created new manufacturing jobs • Expanded recreational travel • Led to growth of suburbs

  4. Impact of War on…Science & Technology • Airplanes: • Improvements  commercial passenger service & international air travel • 1927 – Charles Lindbergh 1st solo flight across Atlantic • 1932 – Amelia Earhart 1st female solo flight

  5. Impact of War on…Science & Technology • Radios: • Expanded audiences for news, plays, sporting events • Helped connect the world

  6. Impact of War on…Art & Literature • Artists Rebelled: • Rebelled against traditional paintings • Didn’t recreate realistic objects • Pablo Picasso: • Founded cubism – broke objects into geometric shapes

  7. Impact of War on…Art & Literature • Friedrich Nietzsche • German philosopher – reason, democracy, & progress are empty ideas – influenced… • Existentialism: • No universal meaning to the world – each person gives life meaning through own actions Nice whiskers!!

  8. Impact of War on…Society & Social Thinking • Sigmund Freud: • Psychologist – theory about human mind, thought much of human behavior was irrational (urges & desires in unconscious mind) • Weakened faith in reason

  9. Impact of War on…Society & Social Thinking Ex: Abbot & Costello • Movies: • Hollywood; became popular escapes from daily hardships • Music: • Jazz – energetic & fit freedom of times • Women: • Abandoned restrictive clothing & argued they should be equal to men

  10. Warm-Up

  11. Russian RevolutionCauses: • Policies of Czars • Autocratic • Harsh measures • Resistance to change inflamed masses • Industrialization & Economic Growth • Poor working conditions, low wages, child labor • Low standard of living, lack of political power • Gap b/w rich & poor  civil unrest

  12. Russian RevolutionCauses: • Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): • Russia’s losses sparked unrest at home • revealed czar’s weaknesses • led to revolt in middle of war

  13. Russian RevolutionCauses: • “Bloody Sunday”: • provoked strikes & violence across country • forced Czar Nicholas II to promise more freedom • created the Duma - Russia’s 1st parliament First session of the Duma 

  14. Russian RevolutionCauses: • World War I: • revealed weaknesses of czarist rule & military leadership • destroyed morale of Russian soldiers mutinied, deserted, & ignored orders

  15. Russian RevolutionCauses: • March Revolution: • forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate throne due to problems caused by WWI • Led by Bolsheviks under Lenin • Romanov family executed – shows radicalism of Bolsheviks • Duma set up provisional gov’t • Headed by Kerensky – stayed in war – big mistake! Kerensky   Lenin

  16. Russian RevolutionNov. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution • Toppled provisional gov’t • Gave power to Bolsheviks

  17. Russian RevolutionNov. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution Effects: • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Peace treaty w/ Germany – ends WWI for Russia

  18. Russian RevolutionNov. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution Effects: • Civil War • Begins b/w Red & White armies • Red = Bolsheviks • White = All opposed to Bolsheviks • Effects: • Millions of deaths (fighting, famine) • Showed Bolsheviks able to seize & maintain power • Crushed opposition to Bolshevik rule

  19. Russian Revolution • Leon Trotsky: • helped negotiate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • commanded Red Army during civil war

  20. Russian RevolutionLenin: • Background: • Influenced by Marx • led Bolshevik revolution w/ Trotsky & restored peace & order • Karl Marx: • ideas formed basis of revolutionary gov’t • Believed proletariat (working class) would revolt

  21. Russian RevolutionLenin: • New Economic Policy: • Peasants sell surplus crops • Some private ownership • As a result, economy slowly recovered

  22. Russian RevolutionLenin: • Political Reforms: • Organized Russia into Republics (renamed U.S.S.R.) • Centralized power, unified country • Bolsheviks renamed Communist Party

  23. Russian RevolutionStalin: • Name means… “Man of Steel”

  24. Warm-Up

  25. Social ClimateLife in Great Depression • Millions lost their jobs • Many made their homes in shacks • Local gov’t & charity provided free food out of soup kitchens

  26. Economic Climate U.S. has flawed economy - why? • Uneven distribution of wealth • Overproduction by business & agriculture • Lessened demand for consumer goods

  27. Economic Climate Post-War German Inflation-How Come? • Gov’t printed money for war expenses & reparations  devaluing the mark to the point where people needed wheelbarrows full of money to buy food

  28. Political ClimateProblems with Postwar Democracies • Many citizens of new democracies had little experience with representative gov’t • Some countries had many political parties • This made effective gov’t difficult • Led to formation of coalition gov’ts that often unraveled

  29. Political ClimateEx: Weimar Republic (Germany) • Lacked strong democratic tradition • Multiple political parties • Germans blamed Weimar gov’t, not military leaders, for country’s military defeat & humiliation at Versailles

  30. Economic Climate Oct. 29, 1929 – U.S. Stock Market Crashes • Believing prices would drop, investors tried to sell high-priced stocks that they had bought on margin • Nobody wanted to buy

  31. Economic ClimateDepression in U.S. • Unemployment rates ↑ • Industrial production, prices, wages ↓ • Businesses failed • Individuals lost savings when banks closed • Farmers lost their land

  32. Economic ClimateDepression Worldwide • Some countries had war debts – dependent on American loans, investments • Worried American bankers demanded repayment for loans • American investors withdrew $ from Europe • American market for imported goods dropped sharply – America had overproduced • Raising of tariffs  decrease in world trade & market demand

  33. ResultsSocialist Gov’t Success • Relied on tradition of cooperative community action & gov’t-sponsored public works programs to keep people employed & producing • Raised pensions for elderly & benefits for those in need

  34. ResultsBritish National Gov’t • Passed high protective tariffs • Increased taxes • Regulated currency • Lowered interest rates to encourage industrial growth

  35. ResultsFrance – Popular Front • Economic crisis  Political instability • Leaders feared growth of antidemocratic forces

  36. ResultsAnd…. Rise of Totalitarian Governments (Fascism)

  37. Warm-Up

  38. ItalyMussolini Becomes Popular – Why? • Italians disappointed by terms at Versailles • Distressed by social unrest, rising inflation, high unemployment • Mussolini promised to rescue Italy, revive economy, rebuild military • Founded Fascist Party, rapidly gained popularity as economic conditions worsened

  39. ItalyResult • Mussolini publicly criticized the gov’t • Fascists promoted campaign of terror • Gained support of middle classes, industrial leaders, aristocracy

  40. ItalyMussolini in Charge – How? • King Victor Emmanuel III invited him to join gov’t • Why? – b/c the king decided Mussolini was the best hope for his dynasty to survive

  41. ItalyResult • Abolished democracy • Outlawed all political parties but his Fascist party • Imposed censorship • Had opponents jailed • Outlawed strikes • Made allies of industrialists & large landowners

  42. Warm-Up

  43. GermanyHitler Becomes Leader of Nazi Party – Why? • He was a successful organizer & speaker

  44. GermanyResult • Nazis became a growing political force

  45. GermanyHitler Tried for Treason – Why? • Mussolini marched on Rome – inspired Hitler & Nazis to try to overthrow gov’t & seize power in Munich • He failed!

  46. GermanyResult • Went to jail – wrote Mein Kampf • Book set forth his beliefs & goals for Germany

  47. GermanyHitler Named Chancellor – Why? • Depression hit – German economy collapsed • Civil unrest broke out • People looked to Hitler for strong leadership • Conservative leaders, believing they could control Hitler, advised von Hindenburg to name Hitler chancellor

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