EARNING A LIVING IN POMPEII

1. Producers or Consumers? EARNING A LIVING IN POMPEII

2. : � The location of Pompeii as a port and central to the fertile Campanian hinterland and Italian penninsula ensured its vibrant and cosmopolitan economic activity in primary secondary and tertiary activity. The excavation of up to 600 shops indicates the scale of such economic activity � �Profit is Joy�

3. The traditional view was that the purpose of Pompeian economic activity was the production of material wealth for consumption by the local population. Current debate centres around the possibility of some export and import trade, particularly with wine and olives Production, however , rarely went beyond the scale of the household. The production of staple food, bread , wine, grapes and fish sauce, combined with processing industries in cloth manufacture, metallurgy, wheelwrights and potters served to create self sufficiency PRODUCERS-Profit is Joy

4. The cost of transport, dependence on local resources and slavery all served to limit expansion Pompeii�s position , near the sea and the navigable river Sarno did encourage some trade The economy of Pompeii encompassed Primary, Secondary and Tertiary levels of Production Major industries were Wine, Olives, Wool and Textiles Smaller industries were fish sauce, pottery, perfume, Soap, Metal work

5. Primary Production; Wine ProductionVilla Rusticae at Boscoreale

6. Model of Villa at Boscoreale museum

7. AMPHORAE EVIDENCE

8. VETTI BROTHERSWine Production and the Villa of Mysteries

9. House of the Ship Europa

10. OLIVE PROCESSINGTable Olives and Olive Oil

11. Because the the garum vats would have smelled particularly unpleasant, scholars think that garum production did not take place within the walls but instead at Pompeii�s port facility on the Sarno River Inscriptions painted on pottery vessels reveal the name Aulus Umbricius Scaurus, who ran a number of workshops producing Garum. Around 30% of inscriptions on fish sauce containers in Campania relate to his workshops Garum- Fish Sauce

12. VATS FOR FISH SAUCE

13. Most primary production took place in the rural hinterland although Jashemski�s studies using pollen and seed analyses indicate some market garden activities close to the amphitheatre. Secondary production occurred in small to medium workshops , generally using slave labour �The workshops at Pompeii did manufacture goods that were exported; �..initially exchanged at the port of Puteoli, the port of Rome, from where they were taken to the markets of the capital. Traders in Rome and Puteoli would have distributed the products throughout the Empire.� Ray Laurence Space and Society in Pompeii SECONDARY PRODUCTION

14. Fuller�s House of Stephanus

15. EUMACHIA, patroness of the Fullers Guild

16. The scale of textile production is disputed with some claiming it as a major activity, arguing that the number of fulleries and dye shops far exceeded demand. Of the fulleries found, 4 are large. The F ullery of Stephanus contained several rooms with a clothes press, basins for washing, foot basins for treading ( using animal or human urin since no soap to remove grease or dirt existed) and 3 large basins for rinsing. There was also a large balcony overlooking the atrium from which finished clothes could be dried. Near the entrance, a skeleton was found with gold, silver and bronze coins to the value of 1,089 sesterces, thought to represent the days takings. Wool and Textile Industry

17. Bread production; From grain to table

18. BASALT MILLS. Large bakeries with several mills were located some distance from the Forum, generally where more land was available.Small stones from the basalt were often incorporated in the flour. Estelle Lazer found that the dental remains showed evidence of wear from bread.

19. Distribution of Bread

20. Arts and Craftsdepicted in wall paintings

21. Metal Work, Bronze, Iron, Copper, Silver and Gold

22. The number of bars, taverns and brothels in the archaeological remains, suggests a buoyant service industry. Hotels with dining rooms and guest accommodation have been found at both sites Large numbers of people gained employment as staff at baths, masseurs, barbers, carriers, and muleteers In the narrow streets to the east of the Forum as many as nine buildings have been identified as brothels. To date none have been excavated at Herculaneum Tertiary Industry

23. RETAIL

24. CAUPONA- Tavern or Inn, with or without rooms for rent.At the Inn of Asselina there were tables and chairs, hot wine was served. The kettle for heating wine was found with the lid still on. The names of the 3 women who worked there were written on the walls.( Maria, Smyrna, Aegle- slaves have only one name) THERMOPOLIA- Small hot food and drink bars which did not provide seating GLOSSARY

25. FOOD AND DRINK BARS

26. Asselina's Caupona

27. Argument centres around whether the rooms at the back or upstairs served as brothels Prostitutes , although low in social status were free to wander the streets. Others had their services advertised. There is some debate about Asellina�s caupona because of the mention of the three girls names. However there is no evidence to confirm that the establishment was anything more than an Inn DEBATE

28. BROTHEL PAINTINGLupinariums

29. Commerce; Evidence

30. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES COUNTERMensa Ponderarialocated next to the Temple of Apollo in the Forum

31. Wax Tablets of Caecilius Jacundus

32. Allowing for the problem that only 1/3 of Herculaneum has been excavated it appears that the resort nature of the town limited economic activity to retail and tertiary industry such as bakeries, food shops, taverns. There is some evidence of fishing, boats and nets, however it is seen to be small scale and supplying the needs of the local population Herculaneum

33. Bakery at Herculaneum. 25 bronze baking pans were found with mixing bowls. By the mills, skeletons of donkeys that once turned the mills were found

34. Food and items were sold , direct from workshops, general shops, inside and outside the Macellum, the meat and fish market. But not all vendors required permanent shops. Wall paintings from the Villa of Julia Felix depicts stalls in the Forum and graffiti advertizes market days held at Pompeii, Nuceria, Nola, Cumae and Puteoli at different times of the month MARKET DAY

35. Pompeii was a consumer city, economically dependant on the agricultural products of the hinterland ~ Weber No. of production facilities within the region is sufficient for Pompeii & an export market ~ Moeller Jongman believes that spinning and weaving were household crafts Small no. of workshops would service city not export market ~ Jongman Presence of looms in houses indicates weaving was small scale ~ Jongman Inscriptions record the use of wool in private residences Six dye houses found in Pompeii ~ Moeller Moeller identified a number of workshops in the archaeological record with processes associated with wool and cloth cleaning. ~ Ray Lawrence Involves 700 � 1000 workers ~ Moeller Large flocks of sheep for wool Implication of commercial & ornamental gardening shows the distinction between town & country is blurred ~ Jashemski The Debate; Export/Import or Consumer city? Jongman vs Moeller