CHAPTER 1

1. CHAPTER 1 MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING

2. Review of Accounts You remember that accounts are where all activity and the resulting balances are kept for everything we want to keep track of Including: • Assets • Liabilities • OE • Revenues • Expenses

3. Cash • Dr. Cr. Review of Accounts T-accounts were used to simplify the affect of debits and credits.

4. Cash • Dr. Cr. Review of Accounts But, activity for each account is actually kept in a Ledger card

5. Account 101 Cash • Date Reference Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. • 8/01 Beginning Balance 1,000 Review of Accounts But, activity for each account is actually kept in a Ledger card • 8/27 CRJ 150 1,150 • 8/27 CDJ 325 825

6. Account 101 Cash • Date Reference Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. • 8/01 Beginning Balance 1,000 Review of Accounts But, activity for each account is actually kept in a Ledger card which is part of the General Ledger. • 8/27 CRJ 150 1,150 • 8/27 CDJ 325 825

7. Cash • Dr. Cr. • Account 101 Cash • Date Reference Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. • 8/01 Beginning Balance 1,000 Review of Accounts But, activity for each account is actually kept in a Ledger card which is part of the General Ledger. • 8/27 CRJ 150 1,150 • 8/27 CDJ 325 825

8. Managerial Accounting Basics Definition of Managerial Accounting A field of accounting that provides economic and financial information for managers and other internal users. Also calledManagement Accounting

9. Managerial Accounting Basics Managerial Accounting Activities Explaining manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs and how they are reported in the financial statements. (Chapter 1) Determining the cost of providing a service or manufacturing a product. (Chapters 2, 3, and 4) Determining the behavior of costs and expenses as activity levels change and analyzing cost-volume-profit relationships within a company. (Chapters 5 and 6) Be aware: There are different costs for different purposes. What’s the cost of that cow?

10. Comparing Managerial and Financial Accounting Differences • What costs would you consider if you were trying to sell me a boat after 2 years of flooring? • How would that affect your selling price? • The point is: Cost depends on which costs are relevant for decision making. • Does not apply to GAAP or in Financial reporting.

11. Managerial Accounting Basics Managerial Activities: Continued Accumulating and presenting data for incremental decision making. (Chapter 7) Determining prices for external and internal transactions. (Chapter 8) Profit planning and formalizing these plans in the form of budgets.(Chapter 9) Good topic but no time!

12. Managerial Accounting Basics Managerial Activities: Continued Providing a basis for controlling costs and expenses by comparing actual results with planned objectives and standard costs. (Chapters 10 and 11) Accumulating and presenting data for capital expenditure decisions. (Chapter 12)

13. Managerial Accounting Basics Distinguishing Features Applies to all types of business - Service, Merchandising, and Manufacturing Applies to all forms of business organizations – Proprietorships, Partnerships, and Corporations Applies to not-for-profit as well as profit-oriented companies

14. Managerial Accounting Basics Distinguishing Features: Continued Changed role in collecting and reporting costs to management as a result of increasingly automated business environment Now more responsible for strategic cost management – assisting in evaluating how well resources are employed by the company. Teams with people from production, marketing, engineering, etc. Aid in making critical strategic decisions

15. Comparing Managerial and Financial Accounting Similarities Both managerial and financial accounting deal with economic events of a business – Thus, interests overlap Both require that economic events be quantified and communicated to interested parties – Determining unit cost is part of managerial accounting, Reporting cost of goods manufactured is a part of financial accounting

16. Comparing Managerial and Financial Accounting Differences

17. Comparing Managerial and Financial Accounting Differences • Uses historical and projected info such as revenues and costs. • Financial accounting only historical.

18. Managerial Accounting Basics Review Question Managerial accounting: a. Is governed by generally accepted accounting principles. b. Places emphasis on special-purpose information. c. Pertains to the entity as a whole and is highly aggregated. d. Is limited to cost data.

19. Organizational Structure Within a company, organization charts show: The interrelationships of activities and The delegation of authority and responsibility

20. Managerial Accounting Basics Management Functions • Management’s activities and responsibilities can be classified into the following three broad functions: • Planning • Directing • Controlling

21. Management Functions Planning Look ahead and establish objectives such as – Maximize short-term profit and market share Commit to environmental protection and social programs Key Objective: Add value to the business Value measured by trading price of stock and by potential selling price of the company

22. Management Functions Directing Coordinate diverse activities and human resources Implement planned objectives Provide incentives to motivate employees Hire and train employees including executives, managers, and supervisors Produce smooth-running operation

23. Management Functions Controlling Process of keeping activities on track Determine whether goals are met Decide changes needed to get back on track May use an informal or formal system of evaluations Decision making is not a separate management function, but the outcome of the exercise of good judgment in planning, directing, and controlling.

24. Management Functions Review Question The management of an organization performs several broad functions. They are: a. Planning, directing, and selling. b. Directing, manufacturing, and controlling. c. Planning, manufacturing, and controlling. d. Planning, directing, and controlling.

25. Managerial Cost Concepts • Manufacturing Costs • Manufacturing consists of activities and processes to convert raw materials into finished goods. • In contrast, a merchandising firm sells goods in the form in which they were purchased. • Manufacturing costs are typically classified as:

26. Materials Manufacturing Costs Materials Raw Materials Basic materials and parts used in manufacturing process Direct Materials Raw materials that can be physically and directly associated with the finished product during the manufacturing process

27. Manufacturing Costs Materials • Indirect Materials • Raw materials that cannot be easily associated with the finished product • Not physically part of the finished product or they are an insignificant part of finished product in terms of cost • Considered part of manufacturing overhead

28. Manufacturing Costs Labor Direct Labor Work of factory employees that can be physically and directly associated with converting raw materials into finished goods Indirect Labor Work of factory employees that has no physical association with the finished product or for which it is impractical to trace costs to the goods produced

29. Manufacturing Costs • Manufacturing Overhead • Costs that are indirectly associated with manufacturing the finished product • Includes all manufacturing costs exceptdirect materials and direct labor • Allocation of overhead to products can present problems • Also called factory overhead, indirect manufacturing costs, or burden

30. Brief Exercise 1-5 Indicate whether each of the following costs of an automobile manufacturer would be classified as direct materials, direct labor, or manufacturing overhead. ______ a. Windshield ______ b. Engine ______ c. Wages of assembly line worker ______ d. Depreciation of factory machinery ______ e. Factory machinery lubricants ______ f. Tires ______ g. Steering wheel ______ h. Salary of painting supervisor DM DM DL MO MO DM DM MO

31. Manufacturing Costs Review Question Which of the following is not an element of manufacturing overhead?: a. Sales manager’s salary. b. Plant manager’s salary. c. Factory repairman’s wages. d. Product inspector’s salary.

32. Product Versus Period Costs • Product Costs • Components: direct material cost, direct labor cost, and manufacturing overhead • Costs that are a necessary and integral part of producing the product • Recorded as inventory when incurred, thus may be called inventoriable costs • Not an expense until the finished goods inventory is sold then cost of goods sold

33. Product Versus Period Costs • Period Costs • Matched with revenue of a specific time period and charged to expense as incurred • Non-manufacturing costs • Deducted from revenues in period incurred to determine net income • Includes all selling and administrative expenses

34. Product Versus Period Costs

35. Brief Exercise 1-6 Identify whether each of the following costs should be classified as product costs or period costs. ____________ a. Manufacturing overhead ____________ b. Selling expenses ____________ c. Administrative expenses ____________ d. Advertising expense ____________ e. Direct labor ____________ f. Direct material Product Period Period Period Product Product

36. Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements Income Statement The income statement for a manufacturer is similar to that of a merchandiser except for the cost of goods sold section. CGS

37. Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements Cost of Goods Sold Components Merchandiser versus Manufacturer

38. Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements Cost of Goods Sold Section of the Income Statement

39. Cost flows for any department Beginning Inventory Added Moved out Ending Inventory

40. Cost flows for any department SOURCES Beginning Inventory Added Moved out DESTINATION Ending Inventory

41. Cost flows for Raw Materials Beginning RM Added To WIP Purchases Direct Material Indirect Material Ending RM

42. Cost flows for WIP Beginning WIP Added To FG Total Mfg Costs Cost of Goods Mfg Ending WIP

43. Cost flows for Finished Goods Beginning FG Added Sales Cost of Goods Mfg Cost of Goods Sold Ending FG

44. Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements Review Question For the year, Red Company has cost of goods manufactured of $600,000, beginning finished goods inventory of $200,000, and ending finished goods inventory of $250,000. The cost of goods sold is a. $450,000. b. $500,000. c. $550,000. d. $600,000.

45. Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements Determining the Cost of Goods Manufactured Work in Process – partially completed units of product Total Manufacturing Costs – sum of direct material costs, direct labor costs, and manufacturing overhead; all incurred in the current period

46. Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements

47. Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements Review Question A cost of goods manufactured schedule shows beginning and ending inventories for: a. Raw materials and work in process only b. Work in process only c. Raw materials only d. Raw materials, work in process, and finished goods

48. Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements Balance Sheet - Inventories • Manufacturing Company • May have three inventories: • Raw Materials • Work in Process • Finished Goods • Merchandising Company • One category of inventory: • Merchandise Inventory

49. Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements Balance Sheet - Inventories

50. Managerial Accounting Today • Service Industry Trends • U.S. economy, in general, has shifted toward an emphasis on providing services rather than goods • Over 50% of U.S. workers are now employed by service companies • Trend is expected to continue in the future • Most of the techniques learned for manufacturing firms are applicable to service companies