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Biology: The Study of Life

Explore the fascinating world of biology and learn about the characteristics of living things, reproduction, growth and development, response to stimuli, homeostasis, adaptation, and the methods used in scientific research.

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Biology: The Study of Life

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  1. Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of Life

  2. 1.1 What is Biology? • Biology - the study of life.

  3. Characteristics of Living Things • Biologists have developed a list of characteristics possessed by all living things. These plants are called Lithops from the Greek lithos, meaning “stone.” Although they don’t appear to be so, Lithops are just as alive as elephants. Both species possess all of the characteristics of life.

  4. Many nonliving things have one or more of the characteristics, but in order to be considered living; a thing must possess all of the characteristics.

  5. - Organism- anything that possesses all the characteristics of life, or in other words any living thing.

  6. 1. Living things are organized. Living things have an orderly structure, or organization. All living things are composed of one or more cells. Each cell contains the genetic material, or DNA, that provides all the information needed to control the organism’s life processes.

  7. 2. Living things reproduce. Reproduction – the production of offspring by an organism. -Reproduction is not necessary for the survival of the organism, but is necessary for the continuation of the organism’s species.

  8. Species –a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.

  9. 3. Living things grow and develop Growth-increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism. Development - all of the changes that take place during the life of an organism. Development is an orderly process that leads to the final adult form of the organism.

  10. 4. Living things respond to stimuli. Stimulus- any condition in an environment that requires an organism to adjust. Response- an organism’s reaction to a change in its internal or external environment.

  11. 5. Living things maintain homeostasis organism’s regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival. Sometimes referred to as the ability of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment. - Ex: maintaining constant internal body temperature.

  12. 6. Living things adapt and evolve. Adaptation- evolution of a structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment.

  13. - adaptations are inherited from previous generations. There are always variations among the adaptations of individuals within any population of organisms.

  14. The variation means some organisms are better suited to the environment than others. Individuals with the most suitable adaptations are most likely to survive and reproduce. As a result, individuals with these favorable adaptations become more numerous in the population.

  15. Evolution- gradual accumulation of adaptations over time.

  16. 1.2 The Methods of Biology scientific methods- common steps that scientists use to gather information and gather data

  17. Observation and Questioning 2. Formulation of hypothesis 3. Conducting experiment to test hypothesis

  18. 4. Interpret and analyze results. Modify hypothesis if necessary. 5. State conclusions in a form that can be evaluated by others.

  19. Controlled experiment – an experiment conducted using a control group and an experimental group. In this type of experiment only one variable may be changed at a time.

  20. Control group- the group in which all conditions are kept the same. Experimental group- the test group, in which all the conditions are kept the same except the one being tested.

  21. Independent variable - the condition that is changed in the experiment. Dependent variable – usually what you measure. This reflects the result caused by changing the independent variable. Time Spent Studying Test Scores

  22. Data – information gathered from experiments. - Data may be quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (descriptive) Qualitative data Quantitative data

  23. -Scientists often publish the results of their work in scientific journals where other scientists can learn about it. Often other scientists will try to verify the results by repeating the experiment. In addition, this sharing of data by the scientific community allows scientists to relate their work to that done by others and to build upon the work of others.

  24. Theory- explanation of natural phenomenon supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations.

  25. Law- facts of nature that are generally known to be true. Ex: the law of gravity.

  26. 1.3 The Nature of Biology Quantitative Research- produces data in the form of counts or measurements (numerical data). Numerical data in science is usually reported using the International System of Units.

  27. International System of Units -based on the metric system. - Advantages of SI Measurements can be based on tenths or multiples of ten. Used by scientists around the world.

  28. Descriptive research – produces data in the form of written descriptions (observational data). Ex: How a particular wild animal reacts to events in its environment.

  29. Science and Society Ethics – moral principles and values held by humans Technology– The application of scientific research to society’s needs and problems

  30. Science and technology will never answer all the questions we ask, nor will they solve all our problems.

  31. Parts of a Controlled Experiment For each scenario given, identify the parts listed. 1. Jason’s dog has fleas. Jason would like to determine which brand of flea treatment is most effective. Hypothesis: Advantage flea treatment works better than Killer or the generic brand.

  32. Experiment Design: Jason uses 4 groups of dogs. All dogs must be as similar as possible (same breed, gender, bathed in the same shampoo, and guaranteed to start with no fleas.) Each dog then has 25 fleas introduced to its body. Group A is treated, according to label directions, with Advantage. Group B is treated with Killer, and Group C is treated with the generic. Group D is left untreated. The dogs are separated and confined for 2 days. At the end of this time, the live fleas from each dog are counted. The results are as follows.

  33. Data : Group A 2 fleas Group B 6 fleas Group C 4 fleas Group D 15 fleas

  34. Independent variable _______________________ Dependent variable ________________________ Experimental group(s) ______________________ Control group(s) ___________________________

  35. Independent variable Brand of flea treatment Dependent variable _____________________ Experimental group(s) ______________ Control group(s)_________

  36. Independent variable Brand of flea treatment Dependent variable Number of fleas left Experimental group(s)______________ Control group(s) __________

  37. Independent variable Brand of flea treatment Dependent variable Number of fleas left Experimental group(s) Dogs A, B & C Control group(s) ________

  38. Independent variable Brand of flea treatment Dependent variable Number of fleas left Experimental group(s) Dogs A, B & C Control group(s) Dog D

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