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DNA

DNA. Mutations – any change in the nucleotides of a DNA sequence. Genetic Changes Chapter 11.3. Effects of mutations:. Mutations in body cells cause problems for individual effects all new cells after cell division Mutations in reproductive cells:

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DNA

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  1. DNA Mutations – any change in the nucleotides of a DNA sequence Genetic Changes Chapter 11.3

  2. Effects of mutations: • Mutations in body cells • cause problems for individual • effects all new cells after cell division • Mutations in reproductive cells: • become a part of the genetic makeup of the offspring • Passed on to children

  3. Point Mutation -change in a single base -Could change an amino acid -May then change structure and/or function of entire protein DNA template strand Point Mutation Types of Mutations

  4. Point Mutation example: Sickle Cell Anemia

  5. A single base is added or deleted from a DNA strand - Causes a one base shift in the reading of codons - Changes all the amino acids after the mutation Frameshift Mutation Frameshift mutation

  6. Frameshift Mutation - HIV resistance • Deletion of single nucleotide in CCR5 gene • Problem with the immune cell receptor that HIV recognizes - HIV can’t recognize cell and infect it • However, the mutation also affects the normal function of the immune cells Therefore it is both beneficial and detrimental.

  7. Sentence Analogies • Point mutation: single change in a nucleotide THE SUN WAS HOT THE SON WAS HOT • Frameshift mutation: addition or deletion of nucleotide that affects all the amino acids after. THE SUN WAS HOT THEESU NWA SHO T - added letter E THS UNW ASH OT - deleted letter E

  8. Chromosomal Mutations • Parts of chromosomes break or are lost during mitosis or meiosis • Parts rejoin wrong (backwards or on different chromosomes) • Common in plants • Example: • Cri du Chat (Cat Cry Syndrome) • Missing part of Chromosome 5

  9. Causes of Mutations • Spontaneous: Natural • Environmental Factors: Mutagen – any agent that can cause a change in DNA • Radiation (X rays, ultraviolet rays, nuclear) • Chemicals (dioxins, asbestos) • Viruses Protection: some enzymes that can repair DNA have evolved

  10. Stopping Point Protein Synthesis animation

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