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Warm Up

Warm Up. You have family living in Iran, due to the current circumstances you cannot contact or send mail to your family. What do you do? Do you try and find a diplomatic course of action? Or do you find whatever means possible to contact your family? (i.e. break laws). Warm Up.

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Warm Up

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  1. Warm Up You have family living in Iran, due to the current circumstances you cannot contact or send mail to your family. What do you do? Do you try and find a diplomatic course of action? Or do you find whatever means possible to contact your family? (i.e. break laws)

  2. Warm Up What is the difference between a “HOT” and “COLD” war? Answer this question in complete academic language. Full sentences.

  3. Quick Write • Based on your previous knowledge of the Cold War, explain why it is called a “Cold War” • Also explain why the United States and the Soviet Union were fighting? • What were some events that we saw in the Cold War?

  4. Cold War Who started the Cold War?

  5. United Nations • President Roosevelt first suggested this to Churchill in the Atlantic Charter – Aug. 1941 • Replaced the League of Nations • April 25, 1945 in San Francisco • Signed on June 26, 1945 • 50 countries from all over the world • 9 Europe, 21 the Americas, 7 Middle East • 5 permanent members: • China, France, USSR, UK, USA

  6. United Nations United Nations aim: to save succeeding (following) generations from the scourge of war,…to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights,…to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom. Promote Peace

  7. United Nations • Six origins of the United Nations: • General Assembly – deliberative assembly • Security Council – peace and security among countries • Economic and Social Council – international development • Trusteeship Council – disbanded in 1994 • International Court of Justice – judicial origin of UN • Secretariat – principle administrative official

  8. Bretton Woods Conference Why do you think having a global financial system was so important? • July 1-22, 1944 • Bretton Woods, New Hampshire • Make financial arrangements for the postwar world • Established: • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • World Bank

  9. International Monetary Fund • Stabilize currency exchange rates • Reduce the frequency and severity of balance of payments deficits • Eliminate destructive trade policies

  10. World Bank • Finances projects to enhance economic development of member states • Largest source of financial assistance to developing countries • IMF and World Bank play central role in overseeing economic policy and reforming public institutions in developing countries

  11. General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) January 1948 Part of the UN’s Economic and Social Council Interim agreement pending the formation of a United Nations agency to supersede it (take its place) Replaced by World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 Trade without discrimination Each member nation opened its markets to each other

  12. USSR Emergence of Superpowers United States No battles fought on American soil Industrial Buildup Large military Atomic weapons Losses on Soviet soil Weak industry Red Army (huuuge) Vs.

  13. Iron Curtain • By 1946, Stalin gave a speech stating that “communism and capitalism were incompatible” • March 6, 1949 Churchill gave “Iron Curtain” speech in Missouri

  14. A Divided Germany

  15. The Berlin Airlift • Berlin (located in East Germany) • Divided into West and East • 1948: Stalin wanted to control West Berlin • stopped all food and supplies into West Berlin • U.S. and Britain fly food and supplies into West Berlin • Round the clock for 1 year • 1949: Stalin lifts blockade • East and West Germany form

  16. Berlin Airlift 1948-1949

  17. Domino Theory Domino Theory: The belief that if one country became communist then another country could fall to. Used to justify America interventions throughout the world so that it didn’t become Communist too.

  18. Containment • United States adopted policy of containment from 1945 – 1991 (46 years) – foreign policy. • To hold back or contain the spread of Communism 1. Truman Doctrine • March 12, 1947 • $400 million for Greece and Turkey • “it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation (overthrow) by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” 2. Marshall Plan – June 1947 • $13 billion aid to countries to assist them in their recovery • 16 countries

  19. NATO v Warsaw Pact • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • April 4, 1949 • Western European nations • Denmark, France, Great Britain, Norway, Canada and United States • 12 members gave allegiance to one an other to support any country that was attacked • First time United States entered into an alliance during peacetime • NO isolationism

  20. Warsaw Pact After Stalin died in 1953 tensions loosened between the United States and USSR In 1955, when West Germany could remilitarize and join NATO the USSR grew fearful USSR along with East Germany, Poland, Romania, Hungry, Bulgaria, Albania, and Czechoslovakia USSR’s plan to strengthen its hold over satellite nations Satellite nation: country that is “formally independent”, but under heavy political and economic influence or control by another nation.

  21. Capitalism v Communism • Capitalism or Free Market Economy: • Most of the means (ways) of production are privately owned and production is guided and income is distributed largely through the operation of markets. • Communism: • political and economic doctrine (policy) that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of a society. • One word to describe how capitalism and communism relate: • Opposite

  22. Who is responsible?

  23. Communism Spreads After World War II Soviet Union hoped that communism would spread around the world

  24. Civil War in China Jiang Jieshi (aka Chiang Kai-shek) Mao Zedong Supported by USSR Communist Promised to feed the “masses,” which won him popular support 1949 takes over and renames it the People’s Republic of China • Supported by U.S. • Nationalist • Many officials were corrupt, used U.S. aid dollars for own purposes • 1949 flees to Taiwan VS.

  25. Shock and Horror Americans scared by the conversion of China to communism 1/3 of world population now under communist leadership Americans worried how far it would spread

  26. The “fall” of China • Three main consequences: • The United States refused to recognize the new government in Beijing. • The United States interpreted the Chinese Revolution as part of a menacing (threatening) Communist monolith (block of stone, mountain). • The “fall” of China contributed to the anti-Communist hysteria in the United States • Domino Theory or Domino Effect • Foreign policy that states, the “fall” of a noncommunist state to communism would precipitate the fall of noncommunist governments in neighboring states.

  27. The Korean War(1950-53) • Since World War II the country had been divided along the 38th parallel • The North was controlled by the Communist government of Kim IL Sung VS. • The South by the dictatorship of Syngman Rhee.

  28. Who started the Korean War? Textbook A Upset by the fast and astonishing growth of the power of the Republic, the American invaders hastened the preparation of an aggressive war in order to destroy it in its infancy....The American imperialists furiously carried out the war project in 1950....The American invaders who had been preparing the war for a long time, alongside their puppets, finally initiated the war on June 25th of the 39th year of the Juche calendar. That dawn, the enemies unexpectedly attacked the North half of the Republic, and the war clouds hung over the once peaceful country, accompanied by the echoing roar of cannons. Having passed the 38th parallel, the enemies crawled deeper and deeper into the North half of the Republic...the invading forces of the enemies had to be eliminated and the threatened fate of our country and our people had to be saved.

  29. Textbook B: When the overthrow of the South Korean government through social confusion became too difficult, the North Korean communists switched to a stick-and-carrot strategy: seeming to offer peaceful negotiations, they were instead analyzing the right moment of attack and preparing themselves for it. The North Korean communists prepared themselves for war. Kim Il-sung secretly visited the Soviet Union and was promised the alliance of the Soviets and China in case of war. Finally, at dawn on June 25th, 1950 the North began their southward aggression along the 38th parallel. Taken by surprise at these unexpected attacks, the army of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) fought courageously to defend the liberty of the country....The armed provocation of the North Korean communists brought the UN Security Council around the table. A decree denounced the North Korean military action as illegal and as a threat to peace, and a decision was made to help the South. The UN army constituted the armies of 16 countries—among them, the United States, Great Britain and France—joined the South Korean forces in the battle against the North.

  30. The Korean War(1950-53) • Soviet-backed troops from North Korea invaded U.S.-backed South Korea in June 1950. • The confrontation between capitalist and Communist blocs turned into open military struggle.

  31. The Korean War (1950-53) • Stalin had agreed to the North Korean attack, but promised only supplies. • He would eventually send pilots dressed in Chinese uniforms and using Chinese phrases over the radio • Having already “lost” China, it was decided that the United States would fight the North Koreans. • It would use enough force to deter aggression, but without provoking a larger war with the Soviet Union or China. • The U.S. would not declare war. The United Nations sanctioned aid to South Korea as a “police action.” • First collective military action by the UN

  32. The Korean War(1950-53) • The U.N. Security Council declared North Korea the aggressor and sent troops from 15 nations to restore peace. • Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur • U.S. 350,000; South Korean 400,000; other UN members 50,000 • The move succeeded only because the Soviet delegate, who had veto power, was absent because he was protesting the UN’s refusal to recognize the Communist government in China.

  33. MilitaryDevelopments • MacArthur pushed the North Koreans back to the 38th Parallel. • He then decided to invade the North in an effort to unify Korea • Chinese Communist “volunteers” entered the war and pushed U.S. back.

  34. Map of the Korean War

  35. Dismissal of MacArthur • MacArthur wanted to attack China using nuclear weapons. • He ordered China to make peace or be attacked. • Truman removed MacArthur from all his commands • Replaced him with General Matthew Ridgway who gradually pushed back almost to original line.

  36. End of war • Snags in negotiations. • Truce talks lasted for two years. • Truce signed on July 27, 1953 • Cost of the war • U.S. – 33,000 deaths and 103,000 wounded and missing. • S. Korean – 1 million • N. Korean and Chinese – about 1.5 million

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