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DNA

DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is a nucleic acid. A nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides A nucleotide is made from a phosphate, sugar and base. www.chemsoc.org. Phosphate. From phosphoric acid http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ChemStructures/Phospha2.gif. Sugar.

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DNA

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  1. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid

  2. DNA is a nucleic acid • A nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides • A nucleotide is made from a phosphate, sugar and base. • www.chemsoc.org

  3. Phosphate • From phosphoric acid • http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ChemStructures/Phospha2.gif

  4. Sugar • Deoxyribose in DNA (Ribose in RNA) • http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Deoxyribose_vs_Ribose.gif

  5. Base • http://138.192.68.68/bio/Courses/biochem2/GeneIntro/GeneIntroResources/DNABases.gif

  6. Purines • http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/chpt14/purine.gif

  7. Pyrimidines • http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/chpt14/pyrimidine.gif

  8. Nucleotide • Condensation between the phosphate and sugar (at C5) and between the sugar (at C1) and base • http://distancelearning.ksi.edu/demo/bio378/DNA_files/image002.gif

  9. Dinucleotide • Two nucelotides join by condensation • http://pages.towson.edu/jdrawn/Chapter_1_Intro_to_Bioinfo_files/image005.jpg • Condensation gives phospho diester bridge

  10. Polynucleotide • Up to 5 x 106 nucleotides long • http://seqcore.brcf.med.umich.edu/doc/educ/dnapr/oligo.gif • 5’ end • 3’ end

  11. DNA double helix • The bases of the DNA nucleic acid form H bonds to bases of a second molecule of DNA

  12. Table from Biological Science – Green, Stout, Taylor

  13. A is the same amount as T • G is the same amount as C • Amount of purines equals the amount of pyrimidines • A always bonds to T • G always bonds to C

  14. A bonds to T with two hydrogen bonds • G bonds to C with three hydrogen bonds. • http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/BasePairing.gif

  15. The two nucleic acids wind into a double helix, with H bonds between polar groups of sugars keeping the shape of the helix. • (diagram from Bioligical Sciences, green, Stout & Taylor)

  16. The two strands are ANTIPARALLEL • i.e. they are parallel, but run in opposite directions.

  17. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/dna2.gif

  18. Arrangement of DNA in chromosomes http://www.biology.emory.edu/research/Lucchesi/multimedia/images/insert2.jpg

  19. Histones in nucleosome • DNA is wrapped around a group of 8 histone proteins and held together by another histone molecule • http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/nucleosome.gif

  20. Nucleosomes: • Help in supercoiling of DNA • Help to regulate transcription

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