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Regents Review

Explore the different types and processes of asexual and sexual reproduction, including mitosis, meiosis, and the advantages of each. Learn about the reproductive systems of males and females and the stages of development from fertilization to birth.

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Regents Review

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  1. Regents Review Reproduction

  2. Asexual Reproduction 1 parent. Offspring are genetically identical • Advantages: faster, easier, safer (to parents) • Disadvantage: no variety

  3. Asexual Reproduction Types of Asexual Reproduction: • Sporulation • Regeneration • Budding • Binary Fission • Vegetative Propagation

  4. Mitosis A) Used in all forms of asexual reproduction. B) The number and types of chromosomes in the daughter cells are the sameas in the parent cell.

  5. Mitosis C) Large organisms use mitosis for growth and repair. Simple organisms use it to reproduce. D) One division of a cell = two identical, diploid (2n) cells. 1. Diploid: Cell with a twosets of chromosomes.

  6. The 5 Stages of Mitosis • Interphase (not a true stage) The cell goes through normal life functions. Metabolic activities occur When ready for division, the DNA replicates

  7. Replicated Chromosomes

  8. The 5 Stages of Mitosis • Prophase Nuclear membrane disappears Centrioles move to poles (only in animal cells) Spindle fibers form & attach to the centromere of the replicated chromosomes

  9. The 5 Stages of Mitosis • Metaphase Chromosomes line up at the equator (middle) of the cell

  10. The 5 Stages of Mitosis • Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten Sister chromatids separate and move to the poles of the cell.

  11. The 5 Stages of Mitosis • Telophase The cell begins to pinch in (plant cells only) or form a cell plate (plant cells only) The nuclear membrane begins to reform Cytokinesis – separation of cytoplasm

  12. Telophase in Animal & Plant Cells

  13. Sexual Reproduction Two parents. Offspring are similar to each parents but different, genetically from each parents (and each other). • Advantage: Variety • Disadvantage: Slower, more difficult for gametes to meet, and risker (for parents).

  14. Meiosis A) Makes gametesused in sexual reproduction. 1. Gamete: Sex cells; egg and sperm B) One cell divides twice = four DIFFERENT haploid (1n) cells. 1. Haploid: Cell with oneset of chromosomes ( ½ normal)

  15. Meiosis C) Separates pairs of chromosomes so that offspring get onechromosome of each pair from that parent. D) Each daughter cell (gamete) gets only one half of the chromosomes of the “parent” cell.

  16. Meiosis

  17. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Notice the number of chromosomes stays the same in mitosis, and is halved in meiosis.

  18. Male Reproductive System A) Testesproduce and store sperm. 1. Sperm are haploid cells made by meiosis 2. Sperm are produced in large numbers throughout a male’s life 3. Sperm are smaller than the egg and mobile 4. Sperm only provide offspring with 23 chromosomes – everything else is in the egg.

  19. Male Reproductive System B) Testosterone is the male sex hormone, and is made in the testes. C) Penis transfers sperm into the female reproductive system. D) Semen is the fluid that carries sperm. 1. Semen contains sugar to give sperm energy.

  20. Male Reproductive System Front View Urinary Bladder (not part of reproductive system) Vas Deferens Testes Penis

  21. Male Reproductive SystemSide View Bladder (Bulbourethral Gland) Prostrate Gland Urethra Penis Rectum (Cowper’s Gland) Epididymis Testes Vas Deferens Scrotum

  22. Female Reproductive System A) Ovariesproduce eggs. 1. Eggs are haploid cells made by meiosis. 2. Females are born with all eggs they will ever need. An egg is not fully developed until ovulation Females are born with millions of eggs, enough for several lifetimes. 3. Eggs are largest cells in the body. 4. Eggs do not move on their own. 5. Contain 23 chromosomes and all cell parts (mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.) that the offspring will need to grow and develop.

  23. Female Reproductive SystemFront View Uterus Oviduct (Fallopian Tube) Vagina Ovary

  24. Female Reproductive SystemSide View Ovary Oviduct Bladder Uterus Urethra Rectum Cervix Vagina

  25. Female Hormones Estrogen – Produced by the ovaries. Responsible for initial vascularization of the uterus. Progesterone – Produced by the ovaries. Maintains the thickness of the uterine lining/ FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) – Produced by the pituitary gland. Stimulates development of the follicle (egg). LH (Luteinizing Hormone) – Produced by the pituitary gland. It triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.

  26. The Menstrual Cycle B) The menstrual cycle lasts 28 days (on average) 1. Ovulation – release of an egg (typically 1 per cycle) 2. Menstruation – shedding of the uterine wall if fertilization doesn’t occur 3. If pregnancy occurs, the menstrual cycle will temporarily stop.

  27. Female Reproductive System C) The oviduct carries the egg to the uterus. D) The uterus is the womb where the baby will develop. E) The vagina is the birth canal where the baby will leave the body.

  28. Development A) Fertilization occurs in the oviduct. 1. A fertilized egg is called a zygote. 2. Fertilization restores the complete set of chromosomes, so the zygote is diploid (23 from the egg + 23 from the sperm = 46).

  29. Development B) A zygote develops in the following order: 1. Cleavage – A form of mitosis; cells divide but do not differentiate 2. Differentiation – Cells begin to form into tissues and organs 3. Embryo 4. Fetus– most major organs are formed (but not completed) Continues to grow through cell division (mitosis)

  30. Development C) The placentatransfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood into the blood of the fetus through the process of diffusion. 1. The blood of the mother and fetus do not mix. 2. The fetus is attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord. 3. Waste produced by the fetus is also removed by the placenta. Waste (CO2, urea, salts) diffuse from placenta into mother’s blood. Since the fetus does not eat solid food, it does not have to eliminate feces. D) The child is vulnerable to alcohol, drugs, etc. because organs and systems are still developing.

  31. Oviduct Amniotic Fluid Uterine Wall Placenta Umbilical Cord Uterus Cervix

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