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The “New World” 1491-1607

The “New World” 1491-1607. Essential Questions:. What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on both American Indian and European societies ? How did Spanish, French, Dutch, and British differ in their treatment of American Indians? Causes?. Cultures of Central & South America.

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The “New World” 1491-1607

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  1. The “New World”1491-1607

  2. Essential Questions: • What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on both American Indian and European societies? • How did Spanish, French, Dutch, and British differ in their treatment of American Indians? Causes?

  3. Cultures of Central & South America • Archeologists believe first migrants arrived 40,000 ago from Asia via Bering land bridge • Advanced civilizations: Maya (AD 300-800) in Yucatan Peninsula, Aztecs in central Mexico – Tenochtitlan pop. of 200,000, Incas in Peruvian Andes • Highly organized, trade routes, calendars, and agricultural systems

  4. Cultures of North America • Population of N. America (U.S. & Canada) in 1490s historians est. between 1 to 10 million or higher • Mostly small societies of 300 people or less – hunting (men) & gathering, & farming (female)m, many matriarchal, and were animists • Language: diverse more than 20 language families and 400 languages – largest Algonquin in Northeast • Southwest: Pueblo – farming, cliff caves, brick buildings • Northwest: longhouses – hunting & gathering, fishing • Great Plains: nomadic, tepees, buffalo hunters – horse from Spanish in 1600s • East: woodland – hunting & gathering, fishing, farming permanent settlements – fur trade. Iroquois Confederacy in Mohawk Valley of NY most powerful

  5. Causes of European Exploration • Technology improvements: gunpowder (China), sailing compass (China via Arabs), shipbuilding, mapmaking, printing press. • Religion: Spreading of Catholic faith (Spain & Portugal) after conquest of Spain by 1492. Protestant Reformation (England & Holland) -spreading rival versions of Christianity • Expanding trade routes to Asia & development of slave trade for labor • Development of nation-states that relied on trade and the church

  6. Early Exploration & Contact • Columbus 1492 (Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain) arrived in Bahamas the “Indies” • Columbus controversial legacy? • Columbian Exchange: transfer of plants, animals, and germs/diseases. From America: beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco & syphilis. From Europeans: sugarcane, pigs, horses, wheels, iron tools, guns & variety of diseases smallpox, measles. • Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 Spain & Portugal • Spanish conquistadores – search for gold “requerimiento” • Encomienda system: land grants & natives to Spaniards • Asientosystem: slave trade from W. Africa taxes supported monarch

  7. English, French & Dutch • Both England & France behind Spain occupied by European wars & internal religious conflict • England: John Cabot explores Newfoundland 1497. Queen Elizabeth I in 1580s Sir Francis Drake raids Spanish ships, Sir Walter Raleigh failed colony of Roanoke in 1587. Jamestown in 1607. • France: Jacques Cartier (1534-1542) explored St. Lawrence river (Canada), Samuel de Champlain “Father of New France” founds Quebec in 1608 settlements extend down Mississippi River down to Louisiana by 1682 – fur trade “coureurs de bois” • Dutch: Henry Hudson in 1609 “Hudson River” establish “New Netherlands” and “New Amsterdam” trade of Dutch West India Company (joint-stock company)

  8. Spanish Settlements in N. America • Florida: St. Augustine founded 1565 oldest permanent European settlement • New Mexico: Santa Fe 1610, imposing Christianity led to Pueblo Revolt led by Pope in 1680 controlled until 1693 • Forced Spanish to compromise • Texas: small settlements – grow in early 1700s • California: San Diego 1769, San Francisco 1776, Mission system set up by 1784 Father Junipero Sera

  9. European Treatment of Native Americans • Clashing views of nature & land: animism vs. culture of capitalism • Spain: rigid caste “casta” system. Bartolome de Las Casas critical of treatment led to “New Laws of 1542” end Native American slavery. Valladolid Debate: Las Casas vs. Juan Gines de Sepulveda 1550-1551 • England: initial coexistence and trade in certain areas but eventual warfare & expulsion of “savages” – some “praying towns” • French: coexistence – fur trade, intermarriage, alliances – Jesuit missionaries. • Dutch developed trade alliances especially with the Iroquois – fur trade. • Native American reaction: some tribes opened trade networks, some formed alliances with Europeans against other tribes, some resisted or migrated west away from Europeans

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