Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Human Body Orientation

2. Anatomy • Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another • Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see • Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic Ex. Cells and tissues

3. Physiology • The study of how the body and its parts work or function • Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works • Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart

4. Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit. • Structure determines function.

5. Levels of Structural Oranization • Atoms  molecules  cells  Tissue  organ  organ system  organism • Molecules – water • Cell – smallest unit of living things • Tissue – groups of cells with similar functions • Organ – structure composed of 2+ tissues

8. Figure 1.1

9. Chapter 3 Body Tissues

10. Four Types: • Epithelium – covering • Connective – support • Nervous – control • Muscle - movement

11. Epithelial tissue • Lines and covers all free body surfaces

12. Functions • Protection • Absorption • Filtration • secretion

13. Special Characteristics of Epithelium • Fit closely together to form sheets • One surface or edge is free and the other attaches to a basement membrane • No blood supply • Regenerate easily

14. Classification of Epithelium Two Names • Number of cell layers • Simple – one • Stratified – 1+

15. Shape a. Squamous – flattened like fish scales b. Cuboidal – cube shape c. Columnar – shaped like columns

17. Simple Squamous

19. Connective Tissue • Connects body parts • Found everywhere Functions – protection, support, binding together

20. Special Characteristics of Connective Tissue • Variations in blood supply • Extra-cellular matrix Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances Ex. – blood, fat, bone

22. Muscle Tissue • Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

24. Nervous Tissue • Neurons • Highly specialized to receive and transmit impulses

25. The Eleven Organ Systems

26. 1. Integumentary System – Skin – Covers the body Functions – a. Waterproofs b. Cushions and protects c. Perspiration – excretes salts and urea d. Regulates body temperature e. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors

27. Organs – hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil)

28. 2. Skeletal System Functions – a. Support – store minerals b. Framework for muscles – aids movement c. Protective – ex. Skull d. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells

29. Organs – bones, ligaments, joints and cartilage

30. 3. Muscular System Functions • Muscles contract and cause movement • Primary source of body heat Organs – Skeletal muscles

31. 4. Nervous System • Fast acting control system Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs

32. 5. Endocrine System Functions • Controls body activities – slow • Produces chemical molecules – Hormones • Hormones released in blood and travel to distant organs • Hormones control growth, reproduction and food

33. 6. Cardiovascular System Functions • Blood vessels, transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood Blood vessels are in red

34. Lymphatic System (Immune System) • Complements the cardiovascular system Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

35. Lymph nodes • Cleanses blood • Houses cells involved in immunity

36. 8. Respiratory System Functions • Keeps body supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs

37. 9. Digestive System • Tube from mouth to anus Functions: a. Breaks down food b. Products to the blood for dispersal

38. Organs • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum • Liver – produces bile to break down fats • Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines

39. 10. Urinary System Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urine b. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder urethra

40. 11. Reproductive System Male – sperm – testes Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system

41. Female – eggs – ovary Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

42. Maintaining Life

43. The highly organized human body does: • Maintains boundaries • Responds to environmental changes – Irritability • Takes in and digests nutrients • Carry out metabolism • Dispose of wastes • Reproduce • Grow

44. The highly organized human body is able to carry out the 7characteristics.

45. The Seven Characteristics of Life • Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane Body System - Integumentary

46. Movement Body System – muscular system

47. Responsiveness or Irritability (sense changes and respond) Body System – Nervous System

48. A. Digestion Body system - Digestive

49. Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine

50. Excretion Body System – Digestive and Urinary