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Religion and Politics: The European Experience. September 29, 2004. Religion and Politics: The European Experience. Secularization Separation of Religion and Politics Religious Freedom and Toleration. Three Types of Secularization. Forced Secularization Private Secularization
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Religion and Politics: The European Experience September 29, 2004
Religion and Politics: The European Experience • Secularization • Separation of Religion and Politics • Religious Freedom and Toleration
Three Types of Secularization • Forced Secularization • Private Secularization • Institutional Secularization
Institutional Secularization • Secular vs. Religious Law • State Welfare vs. Religious Charity • State Schools vs. Religious Schools • State Church vs. Religious Pluralism • State Religion vs. Religious Freedom • Civic Nationalism vs. Confessional Nationalism
Toleration and Religious Pluralism • Religious Belief No Bar to Public Office • Religious Discrimination Outlawed in Private Life • Religious Claims in Politics Are Not Trumps • All Faiths Are Equal • All Faiths Are Tolerated
The Diversity of European Secularization • Western Europe vs. Eastern Europe • Protestant Europe vs. Catholic Europe • Private Secularization and Religious Establishment: UK and Norway • Private Secularization and Religious Parties: Italy and Germany • Education and the State
Education and the State: Spain • Spain has no national law against wearing religious symbols in schools.
Education and the State: Britain • Britain does not have a law against wearing religious symbols in schools. Schools can insist on a uniform, but only if the policy is not aimed at a particular religion.
Education and the State: Germany • Germany has no national ban against headscarves or other religious symbols in schools, but many states have enacted such bans. • The German Supreme Court ruled in September 2003 that a woman could not be denied a teaching job for insisting on wearing her headscarf in the classroom. • Six of sixteen states have responded by passing laws that bar teachers and/or civil servants from wearing headscarves while at work. • Some of these state laws apply to all religious symbols, while others focus explicitly on Muslim symbols or make exceptions for Christian ones.
Education and the State: France • The state funds private religious education, including both Catholic and Muslim schools. • A March 2004 law prohibits the display of “ostensive religious symbols” in public schools. The new law covers Muslim headscarves, Jewish skullcaps, Sikh turbans, and large crosses.
Religion, State and Nation: The Historical Experience • Religion Provides Social Cohesion Prior to Emergence of Centralizing Monarchies • Centralizing States Must Control Religion In Order to Establish National Authority • Confessional Identity is the Root of National Identity • Some States Create National Authority By Religious Exclusion • Other States Create National Authority by Religious Toleration
Case Study: Spain • 1453: Fall of Constantinople • 1469: Union of Aragon and Castile • 1478: State Control of the Inquisition • 1492: Christian Capture of Granada • 1492: Expulsion of the Jews • 1492: Publication of First Vernacular Grammar in Spanish • 1492: Columbus Arrives in the New World • 1609: Expulsion of Moriscos
Themes • State Allies With but Also Subordinates the Church to Create National Unity • State Formation Through Exclusion: Jews and Moriscos • State Formation Through Empire
Protestantism as Politics • A Popular Revolt Against Church Authority • The Priesthood of All Believers • The Congregation vs. the Church • Render Unto Caesar. . . • The Role of the Godly Magistrate
Case Study: Germany • Protestantism Fragments Germany • Reformers Ally with Secular Princes to Survive the Peasants and the Catholic Counter-Attack • Reformers and the Godly Magistrate • 1559: Peace of Augsburg. Cuius Regio Eius Religio • 1648: Treaty of Westphalia. Sovereignty as Non-Interference in the Religious Politics of Other States
Case Study: England • 1520: Protestant Reformation • 1534: Henry VIII Defies the Papacy over Marriage • Tudor State Nationalizes the English Church • 1550’s: Marian Persecutions • 1580: Elizabeth Excommunicated by Pope • 1588: Elizabeth Defeats Catholic Spain • Protestantism and English National Identity • 1600-1640: Consolidation of Monarchical Authority vs. Protestant Popular Resistance • 1640-1660: Civil War as a Defeat Both for Puritan Extremism and Monarchical Absolutism • 1660: Limited Toleration as the Basis of Civil Order
Themes • State Formation Means Putting the Church in its Place • Putting the Church in its Place Provokes Conflict with Rome and Spain • External Enemies (Spain, Papacy) Enhance Protestant Religio-Nationalist Identity • Religious Civil War Establishes Limits on Monarchical Power; Limits on Religious Power • Toleration and Political Promise Keeping • Persistence of Protestantism as Basis of Exclusionary National Identity: Northern Ireland
France • 1520: Protestantism Challenges the Catholic Church and the King • 1540-1598: Civil War Devastates France • 1598: Edict of Nantes: Limited Toleration for Protestants • 1660-1714: Louis XIV Subdues the Church, Defeats the Nobility, Fights Protestant Holland • State Nationalizes Grain Supply, Poor Relief, Taxation and Administration • 1685: Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: “One King, One Law, One Faith” • 1789: La République One and Indivisible. “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”—and Secularité
Themes • Revolution Continues the Monarchy’s Project of One Nation, One Law, One People. • Identity is Secularized: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity • Citizens Are Created by the State: The Ideal of Secular Education • Religion is Private, Politics is Public • Political Debate Must be Secular
The Future of Faith and Politics in Europe • Continuing Private Secularization of Faith • Increasing Salience of Islam in Europe • Religious Freedom vs. State Authority • Religious Pluralism vs. National Unity
The Lesson of the European Experience • State Formation and Secularization • Religion as a Source of Conflict • Toleration by Exhaustion • Pluralism and Religious Claims in Politics • Religions as Interest Groups