Chapter 19 Enlightenment and Revolution

1. Chapter 19Enlightenment and Revolution 19.1 The Scientific Revolution

2. Dawn of Modern Science In the Middle Ages people sought the church for answers to their questions in the natural world In the 1500’s because of all of the changes the Renaissance and Reformation brought people began to seek scholars for their answers Traditionally the church said that God placed the earth at the center or the universe. The belief that the earth is the center of the universe and that the sun, moon and other planets revolve around it is called geocentric theory

3. Dawn of Modern Science • New Viewpoints • Scientist in the late 1500’s came up with theories about the natural world and test them. They then challenged the traditional theories the church taught. Because of this the Scientific Revolution began • Because of the age of exploration people became more open to new things and ideas because their world was expanding • Age of Exploration also helped people become more interested in the natural world and how it worked. They also began to study the natural world and find that it did not match up the traditional theories the church taught.

4. Dawn of Modern Science • The Scientific Method • Eventually the scientific method was developed because of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes. • Bacon believed they only way to gain scientific knowledge was the experiment, observe, measure, explain, and verify • Descartes believed everything should be doubted and should not be believed unless proven by reason. • Look on page 569 for the scientific method

5. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math • Copernicus • Discovered that the earth revolves around the sun this theory is called heliocentric theory • First scientist to make a model of the solar system that combined physics, astronomy, and mathematics • He did not want to publish his works because he knew the church would oppose it and he did not feel like his math was correct because it did not give the specific position of the planets • His theory was published right before he died

6. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math • Brahe and Kepler • From Denmark • Brahe Wrote the theory on supernovas- an exploding star • He wanted to prove Copernicus theory wrong • He hired and assistant to help him and after he died Kepler continued his work • Kepler found that Copernicus’s theory was correct and also solved Copernicus’s mathematical problems, he found that the planets orbited the sun in an oval not a circle.

7. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math • Galileo • Built the first telescope and used it to study the sky • First to observe Saturn, caters on the moon, sunspots, and the moons of Jupiter • Also discovered that the Milky Way was made up of stars

8. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math • Sir Isaac Newton • Brought together astronomy, physics, and mathematics • Explained the law of universal gravitation • Which states that gravity effects objects in the universe as well as on earth, which keeps the planets in orbit • He developed calculus which he used to predict the effects of gravity • Gottfried von Leibniz at the same time as Newton developed calculus and the two feuded over plagiarism for years. • It is not believed that the both independently discovered calculus

9. Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry • Biology • Vesalius was known for his work in anatomy and study and hired artist to draw the human anatomy • This help William Harvey in the early 1600’s observe the human heart and describe how blood and the circulatory system function • Antony van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope • Hooke used the microscope to study planets on a microscopic level and he coined the term cell

10. Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry • Chemistry • Robert Boyle is the father of modern chemistry and he defined an element and observed and described atoms and molecules. His most significant contribution was Boyles Law which described how temperature, volume, and pressure affect gases. • Chemist Lavoisier discovered that matter could not be created or destroyed • Also he created the first periodic table, and the metric system

11. Science and Society • Science and the Church • Many scientist were Christians however conflicts between the church and science developed • Church explained the world through faith and inspiration • Science explained the world through facts and logic • Eventually the church began to accept some of the achievements in the scientific revolution • However they still attacked some like Galileo who was tried for heresy for continuing Copernicus’s work

12. Science and Society • Science and Art • Artists learned the human body so they could pain the body • They used chemistry with paints • They used math to learn the balance in their art • Math and physics were a crucial part at architecture • Science and Religion were combined because of this

13. Science and Society • Science and Community • Soon scholars would seek new understandings about society. They would reexamine old ideas on government, religion, education, and economics. The new ways of thinking that emerged because of the scientific revolution would lead to even more dramatic changes… The Enlightenment

14. Chapter 19.2 The Enlightenment

15. The Age of Reason • The Age of Reason • Many scholars wondered is the reason used the scientific revolution could be used to change and study human nature and society • Reason was used to understand truth • Philosophers during the 1600’s came to the conclusion that reason could be used to solve all humans problems. This time of optimism and possibility is now called the Enlightenment • Problems could be solved by educated people. These people began to talk, write, and debate their theories • Enlightenment reached it’s peak in the 1700’s and Paris was the center for intellectual activity. • Parisian women began to gather artists, philosophers, scientist, and writers to discuss their ideas, these gathers were called salons

16. New Views of Government • Thomas Hobbes • An English Philosopher • Wrote about his views on government in his book Leviathan. • His experience in the English civil war led him to believe that people were selfish and greedy and in their natural state they were “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” • He believed government was need to keep order • He thought people should give up some of their freedoms to a strong leader who would provide safety, peace, and order in society. • This exchange between the society and government was known as a social contract • He believed a strong, centralized absolute monarch was the best form of government to maintain order and peace

17. New Views on Government • John Locke • An English Philosopher • Believed that people were naturally happy, tolerant, and reasonable • He argued that people were born equal with natural rights of life, liberty, and property • He believed that a government’s purpose was only to protect people’s natural rights • He believed people need to consent to who would be the government (who power was limited by laws) • He believed that if the government fail to protect the rights of the governed that those people had the right overthrow the government • His ideas are the foundation of modern democracy and inspired many revolutionaries in the Americas and Europe

18. New Views on Government • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • French Philosopher • Believed people were born good but society corrupted people • Government should work for the good of the whole not for the wealth of the few • He though that people should give up some of their freedoms for the good of the whole • Despised inequality in society • Inspired MANY revolutions in the years and centuries to come

19. New Views on Government • Baron de Montesquieu • French Philosopher • Argued that the best government had separation of powersand should be divided up between branches of government that could be checked on their power • He came up with the conclusion that the separation of powers allowed each branch of government to serve as a check against the power of the others • This structure became part of the essential make up of American democracy

20. New Views on Society • Voltaire- “common sense is not so common” • French writer and philosopher • He attacked injustice within society esp. with the nobility, government, and church • He used wit in his writings to show the ignorance of injustices • He also fought against ignorance and superstition

21. New Views of Society • Mary Wollstonecraft • Most philosophers held traditional views on women • Most people thought women’s role were to be a wife and mother and should only be educated to perform in those roles • Mary Wollstonecraft rejected those views • She demanded for equal rights for women • She believed if men and women were equally educated they would become equal in society • One of the first feminist!!

22. New Views on Society • Adam Smith • Scottish economist • Used reason to analyze economic systems • Believed business activity should take place in a free market • Wrote and advocated for a laissez-faire economy which is one free of government regulation

23. Enlightenment Ideas Spread This ideas of these thinkers spread throughout Europe and eventually the rest of the world. They influenced the people within society and also the governments of many monarchies in Europe. Many European countries reformed because of the Enlightenment ideas

24. Enlightenment Ideas Spread Enlightenment ideas about power and authority would not only inspire reform but revolution. For example, leaders in Great Britain's American colonies would use those ideas as inspiration to break free from the British monarchy. Strongly influenced by the political views of Locke and Rousseau, the colonists began to experience a new sense of national identity.