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APA Style

APA Style. NDSU Center for Writers 2009. What is APA Style?. guidelines published by the American Psychological Society for manuscript preparation used by journals in social and behavioral sciences, education, and other fields. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters.

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APA Style

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  1. APA Style NDSU Center for Writers 2009

  2. What is APA Style? • guidelines published by the American Psychological Society for manuscript preparation • used by journals in social and behavioral sciences, education, and other fields Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  3. Resources for APA Style • official text = NEW 6th ed. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2009),Washington: APA • summary of changes in the new edition found online: http://www.apastyle.org/manual/whats-new.aspx Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  4. Resources for APA Style • CFW website has links to online handbooks and this presentation: http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters/index.shtml • APA website tutorial http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  5. Online Resources • Purdue University Online Writing Lab http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  6. APA Style • Format (title page, abstract, sections, headings, font, margins, tables, figures, etc.) • In-text citations • Reference page Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  7. In-Text Citations • Requirements • author of the source • date of publication • page numbers required for direct quotations but optional for paraphrases Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  8. In-Text Citations • Other information for easy access is optional but courteous for long documents (e.g. chapters, sections, paragraph numbers) Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  9. Note • Style manuals are very complex • Do not rely on your memory • ALWAYS refer to a manual for examples • Pay attention to unique aspects • source type • capitalization & punctuation • author vs. editor • edition/volume/issue/DOI Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  10. In-Text Citations • Walker (2000) compared reaction times. • A recent study found reaction times vary (Walker, 2000). • In 2000, Walker compared reaction times. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  11. Direct Quotations • Lopez (1993) found that “the effect disappeared within minutes” (p. 311). • The author stated, “The effect disappeared within minutes” (Lopez, 1993, p. 311), but she did not say which effect. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  12. Reference List • Provide enough information to identify and retrieve each source. • Exception: do not include personal communications on the list, but cite them in the text: T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001) claims that . . . Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  13. Reference List • Arrange entries alphabetically by the author’s last name • Use a hanging indent • Double-space (entire document) • Use initials for all first names. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  14. Reference List • Reverse the order of all authors’ names Smith, J.M., Jones, T., & Rogers, L.S. • Use “&” for ref. list and parenthetical references, but use “and” in the text Smith, Jones, and Rogers (2000)… Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  15. Reference List • Capitalization varies for titles • books & websites: only first word, proper nouns, and first word after a colon • periodicals: all important words Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  16. Reference List Reminder— always check the APA guidelines. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  17. Reference Examples • Book Tapscott, D. (1988). Growing up digital. New York: McGraw-Hill. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  18. Reference Examples • Edited Book Gibbs, J.T., & Huang, L.N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological intervention with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  19. Reference Examples • Chapter in Edited Book Krantz, D. (2000). The ethics of business. In D. L. Smith (Ed.), Ethics in Modern America (pp. 94-120). New York: Smith-Johnson Press. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  20. Reference Examples, cont. • Journal article [note the volume/issue format] Johnson, B.A. (2000). Truth or consequences: Parenting children who lie. Modern Family, 126(3), 910-924. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  21. Reference Examples, cont. • If available, include the DOI (digital object identifier) instead of the URL Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social Science Research, 29(4), 535-555. doi:10.1006/ssre.2000.0680 Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  22. Reference Examples, cont. • Internet-only journal article (no DOI) Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved from http:// journals.apa.org/prevention/ volume3/ pre0030001a.html Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  23. Reference Examples, cont. Journal article based on print source VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117- 123. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  24. Reference Examples, cont. Alternative (if you think the article might differ from the original print version) VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  25. Note Break a URL after a slash; do not add a hyphen. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  26. Reference Examples, cont. Journal article from an electronic database w/DOI (omit database) Holliday, R. E., & Hayes, B. K. (2000). Dissociating automatic andintentional processes in children’s eyewitness memory. Journal ofExperimental Child Psychology, 75(1), 1-42. doi:10.1006/jecp.1999.2521 Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  27. Reference Examples, cont. Journal article from an electronic database w/out DOI (include database and doc number, if applicable) Howard, K. R. (2007). Childhood overweight: Parental perceptions and readiness for change. The Journal of School Nursing, 23(2), 73-79. Retrieved from PsycINFO database. (2007-05057-003) Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  28. Reference Examples, cont. Multipage Web document created by private organization, no date Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from http:// www.familymealtime.org Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  29. Reference Examples, cont. Chapter or section in an Internet document Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low- income communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved August 18, 2001, from http://www.benton.org/Library/low- income/two.html Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  30. Reference Examples, cont. Document available on a university Web site Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D.H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http:// ilt.columbia.edu/ publications/papers/ newwine1.html Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  31. Special Situations • Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source • Find primary sources when possible Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  32. Special Situations If unable to locate the primary source: • In-Text Skinner (2000) found no evidence of emotion in rats (as cited in Smith & Jones, 2006). Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  33. Special Situations If unable to locate the primary source: • On the reference page Include only the secondary source (the source you read) Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  34. Special Situations, cont. • The Center for Writers website includes a handy guide http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/cfwriters/ index.shtml “Student Resources” “Documenting Sources” “Style Guides for MLA, APA, Chicago, and CBE styles.” “APA Style in a Nutshell” Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  35. Author Issues • Two authors:  cite both names every time the work is mentioned. • Three, four, or five authors • Cite all names for the first reference. • Cite the first author and “et al.” in subsequent references. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  36. Multiple Authors • Six or more authors • Cite only the name of the first author followed by “et al.” for all references.  • In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and then use “et al.”  Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  37. No Authors • On the reference page, alphabetize by the first important word in the title and place the year after the title. The new health-care lexicon. (1993, August/September). Copy Editor, 4, 1-2. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  38. No Authors • In the text and parentheses, use quotation marks and capitalize the important words in article titles: • e.g., The article, “The New Health-Care Lexicon,” (1992) discusses the… • e.g.,  Experts claim … (“The New Health-Care Lexicon,” 1993) Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  39. No Authors • In the text, parentheses, and reference list, italicize and capitalize book titles, periodical titles, and other major works:  • e.g. ...the book College Bound Seniors (1979). Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  40. Block Quotations • Indent/block quotations of 40 or more words. • Indent ½” from the margin (5 spaces) and double-space. • If there are additional paragraphs within the block, indent an additional ½”. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  41. Block Quotations • Generally, direct quotations should be used sparingly in APA style. • Studies are summarized and results are paraphrased, except when the author's original words are unique and difficult to put into different words.  Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  42. Other Considerations • Do not use “this study,” “this present study” or “the current study” to refer to someone else’s work—use them to refer to your own study. • Use past tense for results. • Use present tense for conclusions. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  43. Other Considerations • Avoid using verbs such as feel, think, believe, stated, wrote, said, confirm, and prove. • Use words such as find, reason, assess, test, hypothesize, support, investigate,demonstrate,  and indicate. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  44. Other Considerations • Use qualifiers to allow for exceptions to your claims (may, might, possible):  • One possible explanation might be… • One interpretation may be… • The data suggest…. • The results appear Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  45. Other Considerations • Passive verbs are acceptable, but active verbs are preferred • The experiment was designed by Smith to = Smith designed the experiment to…. • Do not use contractions. Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  46. Other Considerations • Use transitions:  • Notably, …. • In contrast,…. • Similarly,… • First,…. Second,….Third….(avoid using firstly, secondly, thirdly) Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  47. Avoiding Plagiarism • Choose when to give credit to others • Choose how to incorporate the information • Choose how to give credit Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  48. When to Give Credit The term “common knowledge” is tricky—when in doubt, find and cite a source Scholarly papers are intended to introduce new information and/or information that is verifiable, so avoid stating the obvious (common knowledge) Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  49. When to Give Credit • When you are using or referring to somebody else’s words or ideas from any source: journals, books, movies, Web pages, advertisements, etc. • When you use exact words or a "unique phrase” Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

  50. When to Give Credit • When you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts, or pictures • When you use information gained through interviewing another person • When you use ideas that others have given you in conversations or over email Center for Writers - http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters

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