Understanding Psychological Disorders in Abnormal Psychology - A Comprehensive Overview

1. Abnormal Psychology Mr. Mac Ch. 16 Psychological Disorders (coon)

2. Basic Ideas • Normality is relative= a social construct • Psychological disorders do exist • Goals of Psychopathology: • Identify/Classify • Explain • Treat • “The scientific study of mental and emotional disorders”

3. Fun Facts 1 out of 100 will need hospitalization some time for Mental Illness 3-6% of old people suffer Mental Illness due to age 7% of population has anxiety related disorders 1 in 8 school age children are maladjusted 10-20% of all adults suffer major depression 2 million people are admitted for psychiatric treatment

4. AP Outline: Abnormal Psychology Definitions of Abnormality Theories of Psychopathology Diagnosis of Psychopathology Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders Organic Disorders Personality disorders Dissociative Disorders

5. Questions: How is normality defined? What are the major psychological disorders? Characteristics of: Personality, Anxiety based, Psychotic, Delusional, Schizophrenia disorders? What characterizes depression?

6. What’s the Difference between Normal and Abnormal behavior? Subjective-Social Construct/social norms Statistically Normal or abnormal Bell curve Situational factors Cultural Factors Gender Stereotypes

7. Definitions of Abnormality • Components • Abnormal behavior is unusual- deviant statistically • Maladaptive interferes with person’s ability to function in given situations. • Peopl lose their ability control thoughts, feelings and actions • Labeled Abnormal • Characterized by Perceptualor cognitive dysfunction

8. Stigma of Mental Ilness Psychiatric Labeling (problem in how society views mental illness) Skew’s the way people are evaluated, expectancies are created Example: Rosenhan Study (Stanford)

9. Theories of Psychopathology: Causes of abnormal behavior • Psychoanalytical • Humanistic • Cognitive • Behavioral • Psycho-physiological • Socio-cultural

10. Freud- Psychoanalytical • Freud- Psychoanalytical • Interactions of Id, Ego, Superego are responsible for abnormal behavior. • Seeds of abnormal behavior occur in childhood • Subconscious conflicts • Fixations • Repression…

11. Humanistic- • Rogers and Maslow • Being too sensitive to criticism & judgment of others • Related to people unable to accept their own nature • Feelings of isolation due to lack of positiveself-regard (also-external)

12. Cognitive • Abnormal thought = distortions lead to misconceptions-misinterpretations • Treatment = change content of thought • Change ways thoughts are processed

13. Behavioral- Abnormal behavior • Pavlov/Watson/Skinner • Is learned • Has been rewarded or reinforced • Is a pattern • Treatment- unlearn maladaptive behavior • Modify the learned response

14. Psycho-physiological • Abnormal brain function • Chemical or structural issues • Treatment- Medication

15. Classifying Mental Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Mental Disorder Defined: “A significant impairment in psychological functioning”

16. DSM- IV • Axis I: Clinical Disorders and other Conditions (disorders Usually first diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence) • Learning Disorders • Motor Skill Disorder • Communication Disorders • Pervasive Developmental Disorder • Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders • Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or early childhood • Tic Disorders (tourettes) • Elimination Disorders • Other disorders (separation anxiety…

17. Axis 1 continued • Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Mental • Substance Related Disorders • Alcohol, Caffeine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Hallucinogen…etc • Schizophrenia and other Psychotic related Disorders • Mood Disorders (Depression, Bi-polar) • Anxiety Disorders (Panic Disorder) • Somatoform Disorders (Conversion Disorder, Hypochondriasis) • Factitous Disorder (Munchausen Disorder) • Dissociative Disorders • Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders • Eating Disorders (Bulimia) • Sleep Disorders • Impulse Control Disorders

18. AXIS II • Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation • Paranoid Personality • Anti-Social Personality • Borderline • Histrionic • Narcissistic • Avoidant • Dependent • Obsessive Compulsive

19. DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Published by APA- (American Psychological Association) Used to diagnose 5 Dimensions Serves as a guide 1. Axis 1 Major Disorders Schizophrenia Delirium, dementia= perceptual and cognitive disruption Eating Disorders Anorexia + Bulimia Sleeping disorders- that impact behavior Including brain + other physical disorders Diagnosis of Psychopathology

21. DSM IV- Axis II: Personality Disorders • Avoidant and Dependent Personality

22. DSM IV- AXIS III: Physical Disorders • Disorders that impact brain + and other physical disorders

23. DSM IV- Axis IV:Assesses level of Stress • Assess level of psychological stress based on factors from first 3 levels

24. DSM IV- Axis 5:Overall Assessment of Functioning • Person’s level of functioning used to diagnose abnormal behavior

25. Anxiety Disorders • Feelings of tensions + Nervousness • Sometimes panic attacks • Individual feels overwhelming sense of panic fear, desire to escape • Physiologically- • Sweating • Heart rate UP • Feeling of being paralyzed with fright • Panic Disorder

26. Anxiety Disorders 2 • Panic Disorder • Recurring panic attacks • Worry of panic attacks • Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) • Obsessions- Involuntary persistent thoughts • Compulsions- repetitive behaviors that are time consuming and maladaptive • Example – germs and washing hands (lots of time and thought associated)

27. Anxiety Disorders 3 • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • Caused by exposure to trauma- violence, war, death, suffering • Description: recurring thoughts and anxiety linked to the trauma • Causes decreased ability to function • Causes general detachment from reality

28. Anxiety Disorders 4 • Phobias- persistent and irrational fear of common events • Agoraphobia- fear of being in open spaces/public spaces • Escape is perceived to be difficult • Phobias Web Site

29. Psychosomatic (Brain and Body) Means a psych disorder affects the body Characterized by physical manifestations Example Conversion Disorder Pscyh disorder Where a deficit of physiological function Paralysis or blindness Freud said – cause by psychological conflicts If resolved it would end the physical problem Somatoform Disorders

30. Somatoform Disorders 2 • Hypochondrias • A person who irrationally concerned with having a serious disease • Person imagines symptoms + • Seeks treatment

31. Mood Disorders • Extreme disturbances of emotional balance • 2 types • Depression • Bipolar Disorder

32. Mood Disorders 2 Biological Factor: Linked to low level of serotonin • Depression or (Uni-polar) • Symptoms: • Depressed mood • General lack of interest in usual things • Possible thoughts of death or suicide • Low sense of self worth • Low energy • Must last 2 or more weeks in duration to be major depression • Situational factors may cause or increase

33. Bipolar Disorder A number of forms 1stmost common = Major depression but with infrequent Manic Episodes 2nd (rare) Manic- characterized by: extreme talkativeness increased self esteem Excessive pleasure seeking Lack of sleep 3rd. Cycle- Normal Manic Depression Ups and downs Biology- Both men and women Runs in families Associated with Acetylcholine Seasonal winter depression “Seasonal Affective Disorder” Mood Disorders 3

34. Family of 5 disorders (types) Common features Delusions Hallucinations Disturbed- inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli Disorganized Schizophrenia Catatonic Schizophrenia Paranoid Schizophrenia Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Residual Schizophrenia Schizophrenic Disorders

35. CausesSchizophrenic Disorders

36. Disorganized Schizophrenia • Incoherent Speech • Flat or inappropriate emotional affect

37. Catatonic Schizophrenia • Stupor • Rigid body for extended periods

38. Paranoid Schizophrenia • Auditory hallucinations • Feelings of persecution • May feel as - secret/hidden message in everyday items • Delusions of grandeur or persecution

39. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Multiple symptoms

40. Residual Schizophrenia • Not profoundly Schizophrenic • Display some schizo tendencies • Have had one or more schizo episodes

41. Organic Disorders • Caused by brain damage • Disease - Dementia, Alzheimers • Chemicals - drugs, alcohol dependence • “OBS” organic brain syndrome

42. Pervasive expression of extreme abnormal personality construct Interferes with normal social functioning Paranoid Personality Anti-Social Personality Narcissistic Personality Dependent Personality Histrionic Personality Personality Disorders

43. Paranoid Personality Extreme distrust and suspicion Anti-social Personality Disregard for rights and interests of others Narcissistic Self Pre-occupation Need for others to focus on oneself Dependent Personality A need to be cared for Histrionic Personality Excessive emotional reactions and excitability Need for attention Personality Disorders 2

44. Dissociative Disorder • Deals with dysfunction of memory or altered sense of identity • 3 main types • Amnesia • Fugue • Identity disorders

45. Dissociative Disorder:Amnesia • Sudden loss of memory • Precipitated by traumatic event • Anterograde- loss of memory after trauma • Retrograde- loss of memory before trauma

46. Dissociative Disorder:Fugue • Sudden Complete loss of identity caused by stress • Then a new identity is formed • People often leave home and find new identity.

47. Dissociative Disorder:Identity Disorder= Multiple Personalities • Appearance of 2 or more distinct identities in one person • Identities may or may not be aware of the others • Personality that manifests may be - based on context