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Chapter 1: Minerals of the Earth’s Crust

Chapter 1: Minerals of the Earth’s Crust. What is a Mineral?. A Mineral has 4 Characteristics : Solid Crystalline Structure Non-Living Formed by Nature (not man made). What is a Mineral Made out of?. Atoms - smallest particle that can exist of a substance

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Chapter 1: Minerals of the Earth’s Crust

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  1. Chapter 1:Minerals of the Earth’s Crust

  2. What is a Mineral? A Mineral has 4 Characteristics: Solid CrystallineStructure Non-Living Formed byNature(not man made)

  3. What is a Mineral Made out of? Atoms - smallest particle that can exist of a substance Elements - a pure substance that cannot easily be broken down Compounds - different elements combine to form larger substances Crystals- solid, geometric forms of minerals created by a repeating pattern of atoms Minerals

  4. Examples of Minerals

  5. Composition of Minerals Most minerals can be classified based upon their chemical composition (the chemicals that make them up)

  6. minerals • Minerals can be divided into 2 major groups: • Silicateminerals • Nonsilicate minerals

  7. SILICATE Minerals • Made of silicon and oxygen • 90% of Earth’s crust Examples: • Feldspars • Biotite Mica • Quartz

  8. NONSILICATE Minerals • Do notcontain silicon and oxygen Examples include: • Copper • Gold • Silver

  9. Identifying Minerals Minerals can be identified by their characteristics. • Color • Luster • Streak • Cleavage • Fracture • Hardness – Mohs’ Scale 1-10, talc-diamond • Density • Special Characteristics

  10. 1.) Color • Minerals come in a variety of colors. • Some colors are due to factors such as impurities and weather conditions.

  11. 1.)Color Amethyst

  12. 2. Luster • The way a mineral reflects the light. A mineral’s luster can be: • Metallic (shiny) • Submetallic (a little shiny) • Nonmetallic (dull) • Vitreous (glassy) • Pearly (opalescent)

  13. Metallic mineral

  14. Semi-Metallic Mineral

  15. Non-Metallic Minerals

  16. 3.) Streak • This is the color a mineral appears when it is rubbed against an unglazed piece of porcelain Streak Test

  17. 4.) Cleavage • The way that a mineral breaks. • Some break into flat sheets, such as Mica • Others break in angles, such as diamonds

  18. 5.) Fracture • The tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces

  19. 6.) Hardness • This is a mineral’s resistance to being scratched. • Some minerals can be scratched easily, such as talc, while others are nearly impossible to scratch , such as diamonds.

  20. 7.) Density • This is how much matter is in a given space. • Mineral density varies • Example: • Gold’s density is much greater than mica’s.

  21. 8.) Special Properties Some minerals can be identified by other characteristics such as: • Fluorescence – glow under UV light • Chemical reaction – Fizzing when combined w/acid • Optical Properties – Calcite will causedouble images • Radioactivity – Contain radium or uranium • Magnetism- attract iron • Taste– Salty, bitter, sour

  22. Fluorescence

  23. Mining • Ore - Large enough deposit of an element to gain a profit.

  24. 2 Types of Mining 1.) Surface Mining • Removal of minerals or other materials at or near the Earth’ssurface. Examples: • Open pits • Strip mines • Quarries • Materials mined in this way include copper ores and bauxite.

  25. Open Pit

  26. Strip Mine

  27. 2 Types of Mining 2.) Deep Mining (Subsurface) Drilling deep passageways below Earth’s surface to reach the ore. Diamondsand coal are mined this way. Can be VERY DANGEROUS!!!!

  28. Deep Mining (Subsurface)

  29. Responsible Mining • Mining can disturb habitats of plants and animals. • Waste products from the removal of the ore can also cause pollution.

  30. Reclamation • Reclamation – law since 1970 states that after mining you must return land to its originalstate after the mining is completed. • Reduces potential harmfuleffects of mining. • Very expensive and time consuming! • Mining gives us the mineralswe need, but it also creates problems. • The waste products from a mine can get into water sources, polluting both surface water and ground water.

  31. RECAP What are the 4 characteristics of a mineral? • Solid, Crystalline Structure, Non-Living, Formed by Nature What are the two groups that minerals are divided into? • Silicate and Nonsilicate What are the 3 silicate minerals? • Feldspars, Biotite Mica, Quartz What % of Earth’s crust contains silicate minerals? • 90%

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