Unit One

1. Unit One Building Planet Earth

2. Unit 1.1 Earth’s Beginnings How earth is built, seasons & time zone

3. Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • One of smallest planets in solar system • Believed to have been made from BIG BANG or STEADY-STATE • Water covers 71% • about 4.6 billion years old Big Bang & Steady State Diagram

4. Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • Accretion = dust particles + gasses+ meteorites = plantesimals Accretion Diagram

5. Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • DIFFERENTIATION = Heavy elements, iron & nickelcenter. Lighter elements, silicon, aluminum & magnesium crust. • Life started 3.5-3.8 billion yrs Differentiation Diagram

6. A SIMPLIFIED HISTORY OF THE EARTH, NIGEL CALDER • ...Or we can depict Mother Earth as a lady of 46… Most of what we recognize on Earth, including all substantial animal life, is the product of the past six years of the lady's life…. Her continents were quite bare of life until she was getting on for 42 and flowering plants did not appear until she was 45- just one year ago. At that time, the great reptiles, including the dinosaurs, were her pets and the break-up of the last supercontinent was in progress.

7. The dinosaurs passed away eight months ago and the upstart mammals replaced them. In the middle of last week, in Africa, some man-like apes turned into ape-Iike men and at the weekend, Mother Earth began shivering with the latest series of ice ages… and about five minutes later Jesus was preaching on a hill farther along the fault line. Just one minute has passed, out of Mother Earth's 46 'years', since man began his industrial " revolution, three human lifetimes ago. During that time he has multiplied his numbers and skills prodigiously and ransacked the planet for metal and fuel. BBC video beginning of earth

8. Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • Earth is in constant movement • 1st: galaxy is moving outward • 2nd: Milky Way is spinning • 3rd: earth revolves sun / yr • 4th: earth rotates sun / day

9. Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • Coriolis Force = a curl of water/ air North right & South left toilet Coriolis Diagram

10. Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • Time Zones 24 every 15Longitude, changes date @ International Date Line (180) go to Asia ‘gain’ day Summer/ Winter Solstice & Spring/ Fall Equinox Diagram

12. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure Lithosphere, Mantle & Core Theory of Isostasy

13. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure 1st BODY Wave [travels in earth’s interior] {p.61 PE} • PRIMARY (P) liquid, solid, or gas fast wave • SECONDARY (S) only through solids 60% P wave

14. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure 2nd SURFACE Wave [travels on crust/ surface] • LONG / LOVE (L)Waves. Shake rock sideways.

15. What different waves tell us Seismic refraction animation… show fast vs slow

16. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure Non-Solid Spheres Hydrosphere • unique, mostly liquid, 71% earth’s surface Water cycle hyperlinkclick on picture

17. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure Atmosphere: • Mostly nitrogen & O2 • 90% within 2 km from earth’s surface Earth’s Interior Diagram

18. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure LITHOSPHERE • Thin outer crust (±16 km thick) like skin on peach can crack, warp & buckle state of balance/ equilibrium • Ends at MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY(Moho Line)

19. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure OCEANIC crust (about 5 km) • denser but thinner (tortilla) CONTINENTAL 32-64 km • thinner but less dense (bread)

20. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure MANTLE 2 parts: • ASTHENOSPHERE: upper part, plastic like (Playdough) crust moves on it

21. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure • MESOSPHERE: lower part. Solid. Big • From Moho ± 2900 km • Solid,very hot, less dense at top. Mantle convection current

22. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure • CORE/ Centrosphere From mantle (2900 km) to center (5800 km) • OUTER CORE: Liquid • INNER CORE: Solid (nife)

23. Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure Theory of Isostasy: Ocean (sima) crust all around earth continental (sial) crust floats. Adjust position (ie glaciers melt) like floating ice cubes {PE 82} Isostasy ground & glaciation animation Theory of Isostasy Diagram On mtn range animation

24. Unit 1.3 Earth’s Crusts  Rocks How rocks are formed: Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic Rock Cycle & Fossil Fuels

26. Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks • ROCK= consolidated solid substance - mixture of minerals • Loose sand = weathered rock • “parent” rock=main rock smaller piece once belonged to

28. Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks IGNEOUS • Formed from cooling MAGMA • Magma comes to surface as LAVA • Lava to surface through volcano or crack in earth’s crust

29. Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks • Since earth was once all molten/ all original rocks were igneous • Rate and character of cooling determined by depth cooling takes place

31. Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks SEDIMENTARY • rocks worn away (erosion) and carried else where. • by streams, ocean currents, wind & ice

32. Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks • SEDIMENT in bottom of lakes, seas, & land • found in STRATA • INORGANIC & Organic (Shells) ie Limestone • (fossils) Cross bed formation animation

34. Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks • Earth is slowly cooling causes outer skin to shrink = pressure & heat • Since metamorphic rocks have been compressed and baked, they are much harder than igneous or sedimentary (less likely to erode) Rock Cycle Diagram

36. Rock Cycle Diagram! Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks Rock Cycle Animation with mouse clicks to each part

38. Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues • MICHELANGELOate SHELLS • which were bitter like LIMEStone • and after he was done he went and worked on his MARBLEstatue

39. Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues FRED FLINSTONE lives in a CLAY • house and bowls just for the SHALE • of it! His boss is Mr SLATE!

40. Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues DAYS of our LIVES • SANDpasses through the hour glass and the scorned woman throws a • sandSTONEat her misbehaving lover who wins her back by buying her a • QUARTZitewatch so she doesn’t have to tell time through an hour glass any more!

41. Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues • BILL GATES is a powerful man with a deep • GRAVELvoice. He first bought a lot of companies and made them aCONGLOMERATE • and then he joined with more companies and made them a META-CONGLOMERATE

42. Unit 1.3: a special $edimentary formation • Fossil Fuels = dead plants & animals in water areas & covered with mud…didn’t decay but organic fluids. Layered upon = SEDIMENTARY • Liquids in traps/ reservoirs, solids in strata

43. Unit 1.3: a special $edimentary formation • Coal (plant remains), Oil (organic fluids), Gas (organic gasses) • CARBON burnt connects with Oxygen = CO2 Fossil Fuel Diagram

44. Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics How it was invented, by whom, & what it means

45. Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • Who Developed Idea? • Alfred Wegener (1915) developed Theory Continental Drift [motion of continental crust] • proposed a single supercontinent (Pangaea) • He said the pieces of the continent drifted (like eggshell) Break up of Pangaea animation

46. Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • But theory major holesdied in 1930 very disappointed • Still, questions like: • Why did coastlines fit together? • Why similar Paleoclimatic (ice age) and fossil samples on different continents? • Why certain mountain ranges on different continents made from same things & time?

48. Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • When credible theory? • 1960s, advanced technology (WWII) map sea floor • Two land masses =. Gondwanaland &Laurasia • very slow / powerful convection currents in mantle pull land apart,. • AVERAGED 2-3 cm/ year

50. Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics Evidence = • Magnetism • Mid-ocean ridges Origin of magnetic anomalies animation