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WP2300 – Space Segment Concepts

WP2300 – Space Segment Concepts. Paul S. Monks, John J. Remedios, Gary K. Corlett and Simon Good Space Research Centre University of Leicester. Aims. The objective of this work within the CAPACITY study is to

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WP2300 – Space Segment Concepts

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  1. WP2300 – Space Segment Concepts Paul S. Monks, John J. Remedios, Gary K. Corlett and Simon Good Space Research Centre University of Leicester

  2. Aims • The objective of this work within the CAPACITY study is to • Identify the requirements for an integrated observing system focussed on the target applications • The aims of this work within the CAPACITY study are • To provide a vision of integrated observing systems for the target applications • To identify ground-based, airborne and space-based components to the system that would add value (information) to observables directly required/measured by existing/potential new systems, • To consider the most pressing application questions and make recommendations as to potential elements of appropriate space-based observing systems.

  3. Broad recommendations • With respect to a space segment of a measuring system for operational monitoring, it is clear there are three overall requirements that cannot be met by current or planned systems • High temporal/spatial resolution space-based measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to AQ • High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications • High spatial/high precision monitoring of tropospheric climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations

  4. How do we arrive at this? Air Quality (B) Climate Applications (C) Ozone and UV (A)

  5. Information requirements From GMES-BICEPS-AQ-Fiche

  6. Chemical Transport models End userrequirements Applications Reduction of uncertainties Data assimilation Air quality Management and Forecast + + + Dedicated satellite observations Existing satellite observations O3, NO2, CO CAPACITY (ESA) PROMOTE (ESA) GEMS (CE) Ground based measurements PROMOTE (ESA) O3, NO2, CO System Concept for AQ

  7. Current Capabilities MOSAIC - in-service aircraft EMEP – ground based network EARLINET - LIDAR network Satellite – Science and operational AQ forecasts

  8. AQ Simplified Requirements • Instruments should be sensitive to the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). • Re-visit times of 2 hours are threshold requirements • Horizontal resolutions should ideally be better than 20 km with a target of 5 km. • Night-time measurements would be ideal, as well as daytime measurements. • Both trace gases and aerosol information are required [major trace gases are O3, CO, NO2, SO2, HCHO, H2O and nitrogen species] • AQ rapid-revisit time mission

  9. AQ Mission Analysis • Metop provides a basic set of measurements through GOME-2 (O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO) and IASI (CO). Aerosol information is likely to be available from GOME-2 and AVHRR but with caveats on uncertainty and spatial resolution achieved. • Combination of O3 data from GOME-2 and IASI could provide greater height resolution in the PBL and free troposphere. Development work to support this product is highly recommended. • Similar work could be performed for CO with advantage if a shortwave infra-red (SWIR) instrument could be flown to complement MetoP. • Re-flight of an existing aerosol instrument could deliver required aerosol information at 550 nm. A new instrument achieving better uncertainty performance is highly desirable. • Re-flight of an ice-free SCIAMACHY nadir near infra-red instrument could give better information on CO. • The greatest requirement for the mission is frequent re-visit time (< 2 hours) as well as high spatial resolution (<20 km). This is not met by existing orbital elements such as MetOp and is necessary to meet existing basic operational modes.

  10. Order of importance AQ consolidated requirements (with ability to meet them mapped on)

  11. AQ Mission Concept • Frequent re-visit time and high spatial resolution (<20 km) • Options could be GEO or LEO or a combination of both. • If LEO, then an enhancement of the Metop/NPOESS systems would be necessary both for complement of species and for coverage/spatial resolutions. • Species: O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, CO, aerosol AOD (550 nm), multi-spectral AOD for aerosol size. • Instruments are likely to be UV-visible (O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, aerosol) and mid infra-red (MIR) or SWIR for CO. The MIR can also supply complementary information for O3 and possibly nitrogen species. • There is a requirement for an enhanced aerosol instrument/system delivering uncertainties of < 0.05 in aerosol optical depth at 10 km spatial resolution and enhancing our ability to discriminate aerosol type. • Limb instruments would enable better correction for upper parts of NO2, O3, CO columns.

  12. B1 (Consolidated): Air Quality Protocol Monitoring Satellite Component Evolution Minimum Specification GOME-2 Column O3, NO2, SO2, H2CO Column AOD MODIS,MISR, POLDER Column AOD (550 nm) IASI CO Col/Profile Combined UV/VIS & IR O3 Profiles B2 H2O Profiles (Data) IASI B2 H2O Col/Profile SCIA NADIR NIR CO Meets Significant Capacity Capability NEW Combined CO Profiles (Data) PRIORITY B1 SPECIES Improved Revisit Times Improved Horizontal Resolution < 2 hrs < 20 km B1 Species: O3, CO, NO2, SO2, H2CO [For B2, B3 add H2O; Nitrogen species are N2O5, HNO3, PAN, organic nitrates] Aerosol OD (550 nm) Multi-spectral AOD and type should be < 2 hours re-visit time but accept high spatial resolution (5 km) would be a trade-off. Note: PBL sensitivity is mandatory for all measurements Night-time data are important NEW AEROSOL Multi-spectral Column AOD AOD < 0.05, 10 km NEW Nitrogen B3 Species NEW AEROSOL Type <10% mis-assign Ultimate Specification

  13. Recommendation • Both GEO and LEO options should be studied. • Priority 1 is to achieve the re-visit time with high spatial resolution as the 2nd priority. • A key decision concerns our ability to measure CO. Flight of both a MIR and SWIR instrument would provide the greatest performance but would add to mission complexity. • Multi-spectral aerosol information with improved uncertainty (equivalent to <0.05 nm at 550 nm) would be ideal. Aerosol type measurements are also useful.

  14. Climate • Protocol monitoring is a different genre of mission • NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having different drivers have overlapping solution

  15. Data Assimilaiton End users requirements Applications Reduction of uncertainties Protocol Monitoring ++++ Space-borne profile e.g. H2O profiles Current Data AIRS, SCIA EVERGREEN (EC) GEMS (CE) Future Missions e.g. OCO, GOSAT Ground-basedmonitoring CO2, CH4, CFC Application Unproven System Concept for Climate Protocol Monitoring

  16. CO2 columns (cloud flagged) CO2 columns with column errors < 3% ‘A priori’ surface pressure ‘A priori’ surface albedo

  17. C1/C2 consolidated requirements (with ability to meet them mapped on)

  18. Protocol Monitoring • The mission seeks to measure greenhouse gases, CO and aerosols. • The mission is intended to be global and have PBL sensitivity for CH4, CO2, CO, NO2. • The chief targets are CO2, CH4, CO, O3, NO2, aerosols • Stratospheric aerosol measurements could be important during volcanic loading periods (e.g. Pinatubo) to ensure good tropospheric aerosol data.

  19. Meets Significant Capacity Capability C1: Climate Protocol Monitoring Satellite Component Evolution Minimum Specification IASI CH4, CO, CO2, O3 GOME-2 O3, NO2 Column AOD (550 nm) Absorbing aerosol OD TOMS, MODIS, MISR, POLDER Equivalent Column AOD (550 nm) SCIA NADIR NIR CH4, CO,CO2, Combined UV/VIS/NIR & IR O3, CO Profiles (Data) PRIORITY SAGE equivalent Strat. Aerosol NEW NADIR NIR CH4, CO CH4 error (2%) Improved Spatial Resolution 10 km NEW NADIR UV/VIS O3, NO2 Improved Spatial Resolution10 km Improved re-visit times 12 hours NEW AEROSOL OD 0.05 uncertainty 550 nm Absorbing Aerosol OD 0.01 uncertainty Improved re-visit times 6-12 hours CH4, CO2, CO and NO2 measurements should be PBL sensitive. Note CO2: CO2 (highlighted in red) information does not meet capacity requirements but could be sufficient for some user services NEW CO2 CO2 error (PBL) Ultimate Specification

  20. Near real-time/ Assessment Near real-time • The mission seeks to derive climate information in near real-time • This mission concept is driven by NRT system assimilation and the improvement in representation of climate from assimilation of observations for rapidly varying • The targets are H2O (very important), O3, aerosols/cirrus, stratospheric tracer information. • Stratospheric aerosol is required as well as tropospheric aerosols Assessment • The mission seeks to provide a fundamental capability for scientific assessment of the climate system. • The mission targets can be sub-divided into radiative forcing, oxidising capacity and stratospheric ozone. • There are many target species and domains but the UTLS is particularly important. • Vertical resolution and no. of species is more important than re-visit times.

  21. C2: Climate Near Real Time Data Satellite Component Evolution Minimum Specification IASI O3, H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O GOME-2 AOD 550 nm Absorbing Aerosol OD SAGE Strat. Aerosol TOMS, MODIS, MISR, POLDER Column AOD (550 nm) Meets Significant Capacity Capability CURRENT LIMB C2 Species NEW LIMB IR or Microwave C2 Species Improved vertical resn: 2 km horizontal resolution; 50 km PRIORITY NEW C2 Species Improved revisit times. H2O (1-6 nhrs); O3 (6 hours) Improved Horizontal Spatial Resolution: 50 km NEW AEROSOL OD 0.05 uncertainty 550 nm Absorbing Aerosol OD 0.01 uncertainty Cirrus OD 100% Improved re-visit times 1-6 hours NEW CH4, N2O Tropospheric columns CH4 error 2% Improved spatial resn. 10 km C2 Species: H2O, O3, CH4, N2O (SF6 and CO2 as alternative tracers) Aerosol OD Cirrus OD Stratospheric Tracers NEW CO2 CO2 error (PBL) Ultimate Specification

  22. Climate Assessment – consolidated requirements

  23. C3: Climate Scientific Assessment Satellite Component Evolution Minimum Specification Integrated Approach Metop IASI Nadir IR FTS O3, H2O, CO, C2H6, CH4, N2O Nadir UV-VIS O3, H2O, NO2, CH2O, Aerosol, Solar irradiance Meets Significant Capacity Capability CURRENT Limb IR FTS IR species PRIORITY Combination O3 profiles (data) Oxidising Capacity NEW SCIA NIR CH4, CO CH4 error < 2% Horiz resn < 10 km Meets Significant Capacity Capability PRIORITY NEW Trop Aerosol 0.05 nm 10 km Radiative Forcing CURRENT Limb Microwave (in addition to Limb IR) O3, H2O (clouds) Cirrus OD, ClO (MS), SO2 (enh.) IR species: O3, H2O, CO, HNO3, H2O2, CH3COCH3, PAN, C2H6, CFCs, HCFC, PSCs, CH4, N2O, SF6, N2O5, ClO (LS), ClONO2, SO2 (enh.) SAGE equivalent Strat. Aerosol New Occultation or Microwave HCl Meets Significant Capacity Capability Ozone Ultimate Specification

  24. Climate Summary • Protocol monitoring is a different genre of mission • NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having different drivers have overlapping solution in terms of instrument suite

  25. Climate Summary • Protocol monitoring is a different genre of mission • GHG monitoring mission • Could be met by additional SWIR channel • NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having different drivers have overlapping solution in terms of instrument suite • Limb viewing-climate gas mission scenario • (Later overlap with Ozone and UV)

  26. Ozone and UV • Many of the requirements can be met by existing systems • But …

  27. System concept for O3/UV End users requirements Applications Reduction of uncertainties Ozone Trend Assessment, Polar O3 monitoring, U/V forecast ++ + Dedicated satellites: O3 profiles, strat (H)CFCs, H2O, CH4, aerosols T, PSCs, HNO3, Active Cl/Br Balloon programme: Cly, NOy [Recommendation] Existing satellites Total O3, OClO Surface albedo, tropospheric aerosol, tropospheric O3 Ground-based measurements Total. O3, Trop. (H)CFCs European assessment – SCOUT (CE)

  28. Ozone/UV Satellite (Consolidation) For ozone/UV missions, a system can be consolidated which • Delivers O3 columns and UV for Protocol • Delivers O3 profiles for NRT • Delivers trace species and aerosols for assessment. Consolidated system therefore would ideally deliver assessment capabilities at a minimum to provide all 3 services.

  29. Ozone/UV Climate NRT/Assessment - Summary of requirements • Limb instrument(s) that measures a range of trace species and complements the Nadir measurements made on Metop/NPOESS. • Implementation options include a limb-MIR of at least 2 km resolution, potentially in combination with a limb microwave instrument in order to meet the optimal number of requirements. • A limb UV/VIS system to measure NO2 and potentially BrO would be invaluable. • Solar occultation instruments require consideration including re-flight of SAGE III. • Ground-based systems provide a total ozone verification system, validation and source gas monitoring, but cannot provide the range of height resolved information required.

  30. A3 (Consolidation): Ozone Layer Scientific Assessment Satellite Component Evolution Minimum Specification A1 GOME-2 Column O3 UV Aerosol Solar Irradiance IASI UT H2O SAGE equivalent Strat. Aerosol A2 SCIA Limb O3 A2 MIPAS O3 A2 MLS O3 CURRENT IR A3 SPECIES Meets Significant Capacity Capability A2 HIRDLS O3 NEW IR or MICROWAVE or UV Limb O3 Ver. Res. 2 km, 50 km Inc. UT CURRENT MICROWAVE A2 SPECIES NEW IR A3 SPECIES Ver. Res. 2km NEW MICROWAVE A3 SPECIES Ver. Res. 2km A3 Species: ClO (LS), HNO3, H2O, tracers MIR: + PSCs, (H)CFCs, ClONO2 Microwave: + HCl, ClO (MS), SO2 (enh) NEW UV VIS Limb BrO,NO2 Ver. Res. 2 km OSIRIS NO2 SCIA Limb BrO, NO2 New Aerosol Rev. Time 6-24 hours Ultimate Specification

  31. Broad recommendations • With respect to a space segment of a measuring system for operational monitoring, it is clear there are three overall requirements that cannot be met by current or planned systems • High temporal/spatial resolution space-based measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to AQ • High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications • High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations

  32. Specific Summaries

  33. Stratospheric Ozone/Surface UV • Protocol monitoring requirements can be met by the planned MetOp and ground-based systems. • The other stratospheric NRT and assessment themes require limb sounding capabilities. • For NRT, only ozone profiles are mandatory but measurements of other species are highly desirable: ClO, polar stratospheric clouds, stratospheric aerosol, HNO3, H2O, tracers, and HCl. • For assessment, all the NRT measurements are required with, in addition, HCFCs, ClONO2, and SO2 (enhanced). • A limb MIR system is therefore suggested but a limb MM also has significant complementary capabilities, particularly in cloudy regions of the atmosphere. A limb UV-VIS instrument can monitor the important compounds of NO2 and BrO.

  34. Air Quality • All AQ requirements are essentially similar with a • prime requirement for high spatial (<20 km) and temporal (<2 hours) resolution • measurements of O3, CO, NO2, SO2, HCHO, and H2O • with sensitivity to the PBL. • Instruments types are likely to be nadir UV-VIS-NIR with either Short-Wave Infra-Red (SWIR) or Mid Infra-Red (MIR) capability for CO. • For aerosol measurements at multiple wavelengths would enhance the system ideally in conjunction with night time measurements.

  35. Climate • Protocol monitoring system was notably different to those for NRT and assessment. • Kyoto protocol monitoring demands high precision measurements of CH4 and CO (and CO2) • This builds on the SWIR measurements demonstrated by SCIAMACHY. • Improved NO2 measurements (spatial resolution of 10 km) would also be ideal. • It is suggested that climate protocol monitoring systems could be combined with AQ systems in the evolution of a GMES system.

  36. Climate (cont’d) NRT & Assessment • The priorities are limb sounder measurements for high vertical resolution (<2 km). • For NRT, measurements of H2O, O3, CH4, and N2O suggest either limb MM or limb MIR • For assessment, limb MIR is more likely to be a priority to measure the large range of necessary species to monitor changes in radiative forcing, oxidising capacity and stratospheric ozone with sensitivity also to the upper troposphere.

  37. Broad recommendations • With respect to a space segment of a measuring system for operational monitoring, it is clear there are three overall requirements that cannot be met by current or planned systems • High temporal/spatial resolution space-based measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to AQ • High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications • High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations

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